Tamaitai Paionia ma Vailaau Faafomai

O tamaitai i seneturi lona 18 ma le 19 sa tele ina galulue faatasi e tuuina atu le tausiga faafomai. Sa latou fofōina ma’i masani, faama’i, ma manu’a, fesoasoani i le faafanauina o pepe, ma fefaasoaai vailaau faafomai e gaosia i le fale, e aofia ai kulimi, vai suamalie, ti, vai manu’a, afifi penuvevela, ma fusi.¹ I se taimi ao lei maualuga le aogā o vailaau faafomai faaonaponei, sa tele tagata sa lei talitonuina fomai ma faalagolago i fofo e faaaoga ai laauola maulalo ma sosolo i le eleele faapea ma le faatuatua.² O uluai Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai, e pei o a latou paaga Amerika, sa atinaeina ni faigapaaga le aloaia tau soifua maloloina i totonu o o latou nuu, ma faalagolago le tasi i le isi mo tausiga faafomai faapea faamanuiaga ma tatalo.

I Navu, sa faatauaina e taitai o le Ekalesia le atamai faatino, agaalofa, ma le faatuatua o faatosaga e pei o Patty Sessions ma Zina Huntington. O nei tamaitai sa vaetofia e avea o ni taulasea e faatino le tausiga, tuuina atu vailaau faafomai, taiala isi faatosaga, ma faia faamanuiaga faamalolo.³ Ia Iulai i le 1851, sa faatulagaina ai e tamaitai i Iuta le Aufono Faasoifuamaloloina a Tamaitai. Sa lagolagoina e le aufono le faatosaga o Fipe Angell, o le tina o le faletua o Polika Iaga o Mele Ana Angell, e avea ma o latou uluai peresitene, ma isi faatosaga e toalua e avea ma ona fesoasoani. Sa tofia e lenei aufono se tamaitai i le tele o uarota e 19 o le aai “e vaaia e matitiva.”⁴

I le vaitau o le 1870, ina ua alualu i luma le tomai faafomai i le mavae ai o le Taua o le Lotoifale, ma o le auala nofoaafi na latalata atili atu ai Iuta i isi nuu uma o le atunuu, sa amata ona mafaufau taitai o le Ekalesia i auala e mafai ai e le Au Paia ona maua aoaoga faapolofesa i le Iunaite Setete i sasae. E oo atu i lea taimi, ua atinaeina e Peresitene Polika Iaga se talitonuga faateleina i vailaau faafomai faasaienisi ma taumafai ai e tuufaatasi ma le faamaloloina e ala i le faatuatua.⁵ Sa liliu atu o ia ia Eliza R. Snow ma le Aualofa ina ia faafaigofie le aoaoina aloaia o tamaitai e avea o ni fomai i se taimi na toaitiiti ni tamaitai Amerika sa fiafia i ni avanoa faaleaoaoga faapena.⁶ I le 1873 sa talosaga atu ai Snow i tamaitai o le Aualofa i Ogden, Iuta, mo ni volenitia: “O i ai iinei, i le taimi lenei, ni uso ua lava le naunautaiga, ma ua iloaina le taua o lea mea, mo le lelei o Siona, e fia aooga i lenei matātā[?]”⁷

Fafo o le Falemai o le Deseret

Falemai o Deseret i le Aai o Sate Leki, pe tusa o le 1857–1900.

Sa talia e tamaitai le valaau. I le 1877, sa avea ai Romania Pratt ma le uluai tamaitai o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai na faauu mai le aoga faafomai, i se taimi lea na fesoasoani ai le teori o siama i fomai ia sili atu le lelei i le puipuia ma le tetee atu i faama’i.⁸ Na mulimuli atu ni isi tamaitai i le faataitaiga a Romania, ma foi mai i o latou aiga ina ua maea a latou aoaoga e aoao atu vasega faatosaga ma le tausiga o aiga. O tamaitai e pei o Ema Liljenquist o Hyrum, Iuta, sa vaetofia aloaia o ni faatosaga, ma sa totogiina le tau o a latou aoaoga e o latou Aualofa i le lotoifale.⁹ I le 1882, na faatuina ai e le Aualofa le Falemai o Deseret i le Aai o Sate Leki, lea e mafai ai e tagata gasegase ona maua togafitiga mai fomai ua aoaoina faapea foi ma faamanuiaga faamalolo.¹⁰ Ao faaauau pea ona alualu i luma le faafomai faasaienisi, sa faateleina ona sailia e le Au Paia i Iuta, e pei foi o a latou paaga Amerika, ia tausiga faafomai faapolofesa.

Punaoa o le Ekalesia

“Eliza R. Snow, Discourse, August 14, 1873,” i le Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 380–88.

“Emma Anderson Liljenquist, Reminiscences of 1887, in ‘The Story of My Life,’ circa 1948 (Excerpt),” i le The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 530–34.

“A Wide and Extensive Sphere of Action,” i le Daughters in My Kingdom: The History and Work of Relief Society (2011), 39–59.

Talaaga o le Soifuaga

O lomiga nei o loo tuuina atu ai nisi faamatalaga e uiga i lenei autu. I le faasinoina atu po o le faafesootaia o oe i nei punaoa, matou te le faamaonia pe faamautinoa atu le anomea po o manatu o tusitala.

Susanna Morrill, “Relief Society Birth and Death Rituals: Women at the Gates of Mortality,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 36, no. 2 (Spring 2010), 128–59.

Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, “‘Eye to Eye in Faith and Scientific Knowledge’: Esther Romania Bunnell Pratt Penrose (1839–1932),” in Richard E. Turley Jr. and Brittany A. Chapman, eds., Women of Faith in the Latter Days: Volume Two, 1821–1845 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2012), 275–87.

Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997).

Autu Fesootai: Faamalologa, Aualofa, Aoga a le Ekalesia

Faamatalaga

1. Tagai Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812 (New York: Random House, 1991), 11–12, 47, 61–66.

2. Tagai Z[ebedee] Snow, i le “Speeches Delivered at the Assembly of the Council of Health, on Ensign Peak,” Deseret News, July 24, 1852, vol. 2, no. 19; Christine Croft Waters, “Pioneering Physicians in Utah, 1847–1900” (master’s thesis, University of Utah, 1976), 14, 16.

3. Jonathan A. Stapley and Kristine Wright, “Female Ritual Healing in Mormonism,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 37, no. 1 (Winter 2011), 7–8 note 18, 14–15; Steven C. Dinger, “‘The Doctors in This Region Don’t Know Much’: Medicine and Obstetrics in Mormon Nauvoo,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 42, no. 4 (October 2016), 65–67; Carol Cornwall Madsen, “Faith and Community: Women of Nauvoo,” in Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Tate Jr., eds., Joseph Smith: The Prophet, The Man (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 1993), 232.

4. “Part 2: 1854–1866,” i le Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 177–234. Tagai foi Autu: Faamalologa; Phoebe M. Angell, “Seek to the Lord for Wisdom,” i le Jennifer Reeder and Kate Holbrook, eds., At the Pulpit: 185 Years of Discourses by Latter-day Saint Women (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 27–28.

5. Tagai Lester E. Bush Jr., Health and Medicine among the Latter-day Saints: Science, Sense, and Scripture (New York: Crossroad, 1993), 93–96. Tagai foi Lou Mueller, “Divine Duty: Midwifery in Southeastern Utah at the Turn of the Century,” Blue Mountain Shadows, vol. 17 (Summer 1996), 51–62; Thomas W. Simpson, American Universities and the Birth of Modern Mormonism, 1867–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 11–25.

6. Tagai Simpson, American Universities, 18–19. Tagai foi Matthew J. Grow, “Liberty to the Downtrodden”: Thomas L. Kane, Romantic Reformer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 143–48.

7. “Eliza R. Snow, Discourse, August 14, 1873,” i le The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 380–88.

8. Tagai Jessie Del Macdonald Clawson, “Pioneer Physicians,” i le Museum Memories, 9 vols. (Salt Lake City: International Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 2010), 2:67; Simpson, American Universities, 17; Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 8.

9. Tagai Clawson, “Pioneer Physicians,” 49–96; “Emma Anderson Liljenquist, Reminiscences of 1887, in ‘The Story of My Life,’ circa 1948 (Excerpt),” i le The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History; Simpson, American Universities, 18–23. Mo nisi faamatalaga i vasega faafomai, tagai “Report of Deseret Hospital Dedication, July 17, 1882,” i le The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 497–506.

10. “Report of Deseret Hospital Dedication, July 17, 1882,” i le The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 497–506; tagai foi Autu: Faamalologa.