Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia
Tupu ma Suia Faanatura (Organic Evolution)

“Tupu ma Suia Faanatura,” O Autu o le Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia (2022)

“Tupu ma Suia Faanatura,” O Autu o le Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia

Tupu ma Suia Faanatura (Organic Evolution)

O le faasaienisi faaonaponei e mafai ona toe maua i tua i le galuega a Charles Darwin ma Gregor Mendel i le ogatotonu o atu tausaga o le 1800.1 E faavae i lana suesuega o ituaiga o meaola, sa iloa ai e Darwin faapea o tulaga tau le siosiomaga e sili atu ona fiafia i nisi meaola taitoatasi i totonu o se vaega nai lo isi. O nisi o sui o se ituaiga na atinaeina ni uiga patino sa sili atu ona fetaui e ola ma fanafanau i augatupulaga uma. I le tele o augatupulaga, na ia finau ai, o lenei faagasologa o le “filifiliga faanatura” e ono mafai ona tupu mai ai ni ituaiga fou.2 I le taimi lava lea, sa tuliloaina e Mendel ia suiga i le fanafanau o laau ma finau ai faapea o nisi o o latou uiga e feaveai e ala i kenera.

A o finau pea le au saienitisi i manatu o Darwin ma Mendel i le fiasefulu o tausaga na sosoo ai, sa tauivi tagata faatuatua ma aafiaga o le tupu ma suia faanatura o meaola mo le amataga o le tagata, le Foafoaga o le lalolagi, ma le uiga o tusitusiga paia.3 I le amataga o le seneturi 20, o fefinauaiga lautele e uiga i le tupu ma suia faanatura sa faaogatotonu i le “FaaDarwin” (“Darwinism”), po o le faamalamalamaga a Darwin o filifiliga faalenatura e ala i suiga faafuasei. Na fevaevaeai le aufailotu i le tulaga pe na faamaonia e sailiiliga a au saienitisi le mana foafoa o le Atua pe teena Lana matafaioi i le Foafoaga.4

E le i faailoa maia i lena taimi se tulaga aloaia o Taitai O Le Ekalesia a Iesu Keriso o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e uiga i le manatu o le tupu ma suia faanatura, ae na latou faia ni laasaga e faamalamalama ai aoaoga a le Ekalesia e faatatau i amataga o le tagata. I le 1909, na lomia faasalalau ai e Peresitene Iosefa F. Samita ma ona fesoasoani i le Au Peresitene Sili se folafolaga aloaia na faaautuina “O le Amataga o le Tagata.” Na tusia e Elder Orson F. Whitney, o le folafolaga na faamautu ai lo tatou natura paia o fanau a le Atua.5 I le tausaga na sosoo ai, na uunaia ai e Peresitene Samita ia taitai o le Ekalesia e aua nei o latou “faapea atu po o le a le vaega o le tupu ma suia faanatura e sa’o, po o le a le vaega e sese.”6

Ata
Au Peresitene Sili i le 1909

O Le Au Peresitene Sili i le 1909.

I le 1925, sa tulai ai i le faamasinoga se faiaoga faasaienisi o se aoga maualuga e igoa ia John Scopes i le Iunaite Setete i saute i lona aoaoina o le tupu ma suia faanatura o tagata lea na solia ai se tulafono a le setete o Tenesi e faasa ai le faalauiloaina o “soo se manatu e teena ai le tala o le Foafoaga Paia o le tagata e pei ona aoaoina i le Tusi Paia.”7 I le taimi o lenei faamasinoga, na avea fefinauaiga i le potufaamasino e faatatau i le faasaienisi ma faaliliuga o tusitusiga paia na tosina mai ai manatu lautele, ma matua faateteleina ai le finauga e uiga i le tala i le Tusi Paia i le amataga o le tagata.8

A o faatupulaia pea le fiafia faavaomalo i le faamasinoga, na fesiligia ai e ni nusipepa iloga taitai o le Ekalesia mo le tulaga o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e uiga i le tupu ma suia faanatura. Na tuuina mai e le Au Peresitene Sili se lomiga faapuupuu o le “O Le Amataga o le Tagata” i le 1925 lea na toe faapea mai, “O alii ma tamaitai uma ua faia i le faatusa o le Tama ma le Tina aoao, ma o atalii ma afafine moni lava o le Atua.” O lomiga uma e lua o lenei faamatalaga na faamautuina ai le aoaoga faavae i le paia o le tagata, e pei ona lagolagoina e tusitusiga paia anamua ma ona po nei, ma faaaoga le faaupuga “tupu ma suia” (“evolve”) i se uiga lelei, e faasino agai i luma i “tausaga ma taimi e le gata” o faavavau lea e mafai ai e tagata soifua ona faaauau pea le alualu i luma agai i le tulaga faaleatua o i latou lava.9

I le maea ai o le faamasinoga o Scopes, na matua faateteleina atili le fevaevaeai o Kerisiano i le Iunaite Setete i le fesili e faatatau i amataga o le tagata. O Kerisiano “Faaonaponei” na talisapaia sailiga ma mafuaaga faasaienisi ma sa tatala o latou mafaufau i le tele o auala na faauigaina ai le Tusi Paia. O Kerisiano o e na tetee i le faaonaponei, ia sa masani ona taua o “tagata talitonu faavae,” na ta’ua le manatu faapea o tagata na tupu ma suia mai isi ituaiga o se upuleaga.10 Na iloa e le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai ma o latou taitai ua i ai i latou lava i itu uma e lua o lenei mataupu. O James E. Talmage ma John A. Widtsoe, o ni saienitisi faapolofesa se toalua o e na avea ma Aposetolo, na vaai i upu moni na mauaina i le faasaienisi o faailoga o le faaaogaina e le Atua o tulafono faanatura e pulea ai le atulaulau.11 I le taimi lava lea, na talitonu le Aposetolo ma Peresitene o le Ekalesia i le lumanai o Iosefa Filitia Samita faapea o le tala i le Tusi Paia o le Foafoaga e le i faatagaina ai ni taimi uumi sa manaomia mo ituaiga e faateleina e ala i le tupu ma suia faanatura.12 I le talanoaina o nei manatu eseese, sa uunaia ai e le Peresitene o le Ekalesia o Heber J. Grant ma ona fesoasoani i le Au Peresitene Sili ia taitai ia aua nei i ai ni a latou itu i le mataupu, ma talosaga ai i le 1931 ina ia latou “taatia le Suesuega o le Lalolagi (Geology), Suesuega o le Ola (Biology), Suesuega o le Eleele (Archaeology) ma le Suesuega o le Olaga Faaletagata (Anthropology), i suesuega faasaienisi, e leai se tasi o nei mea e fesootai ma le faaolataga o agaga o tagata, ae tatou faalautele o tatou valaauga i le malo o le Ekalesia.”13

A o faagasolo pea le taimi, sa faaauau pea e le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai faatuatua ona umia manatu eseese i le autu o le tupu ma suia faanatura.14 Na faatumauina pea e Iosefa Filitia Samita i ana tusitusiga taua faatosina le faatuatuaina o tusitusiga paia o se taiala i le taimi faatulagaina o le Foafoaga. O Henry Eyring, o se saienitisi iloga ma se sui o le komiti faatonu aoao o le Aoga Sa, na taliaina faamaoniga o suiga e mafua mai le tupu ma suia faanatura ma ia toe taua ai aoaoga a Polika Iaga, lea na aoao mai o le talalelei e aofia ai upumoni uma, pe faasaienisi po o isi mea.15 I le 1965, na galulue ai le Peresitene o le Ekalesia o Tavita O. Makei ma Bertrand F. Harrison, o se polofesa i le suesuega o laau (botany) i le Iunivesite o Polika Iaga, ina ia faatupuina se malamalamaaga sili atu i le va o le Au Paia o i ai manatu eseese e faatatau i le tupu ma suia faanatura.16

I le faaiuga o le seneturi 20, na faalauteleina ai e aoga e lagolagoina e le Ekalesia a latou mataupu o aoaoga faasaienisi. I le 1992, na faamaoniaina ai e le Au Peresitene Sili ma le komiti faafoe a le Iunivesite o Polika Iaga se pepa o anomea faitau mo le faaaogaina i vasega faasaienisi ia na tuuina mai ai faamatalaga aloaia o le 1909 ma le 1925 ma isi faamatalaga mai sui o le Au Peresitene Sili e faatatau i le faaaogaina ma le faatuatua o upumoni faasaienisi.17 Sa aofia ai foi i le pepa se faamatalaga mai le lolomiga i le 1992 o le The Encyclopedia of Mormonism, na saunia ma le faamaoniga a taitai o le Ekalesia, lea na faamalamalama ai faapea “ua ta’u mai i tusitusiga paia le mafuaaga na foafoaina ai le tagata, ae latou te le o ta’u maia pe na faapefea.”18 I le 2016, na lomia i mekasini a le autalavou a le Ekalesia ni tala i le sailiga o upumoni faasaienisi. O nei tusitusiga o loo toe tau mai ai “e leai se tulaga aloaia o le Ekalesia i le manatu o le tupu ma suia faanatura” ma taua ai o se “mataupu mo suesuega faasaienisi.” I le toe faaleoina mai o faamatalaga e le mafaitaulia a taitai o le Ekalesia, na toe faamautu mai foi e ia tusiga le matafaioi a le Atua i le foafoaga ma la tatou sootaga i lo tatou Tama Faalelagi o Lana fanau.19

Autu Fesootai: Iosefa F. Samita, Heber J. Grant, P. H. Ropati, John ma Leah Widtsoe

  1. Martinez Hewlett, “Evolution: The Controversy with Creationism,” in Lindsay Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed., 14 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 2005), 5:2908–9; Phillip Sloan, “Darwin: From Origin of Species to Descent of Man,” in Edward N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2019 ed., https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/origin-descent.

  2. Sloan, “Darwin.” E ui lava o manatu i suiga faanatura o ituaiga o meaola na oo i tua i le au faifilosofia anamua, ae na finau lava Darwin faapea o suiga faafuasei i totonu o se faitauaofai o ituaiga, e mafai ona oo atu ai i ni itauiga ola fou ma sili atu ona lavelave. Tagai Phillip Sloan, “Evolutionary Thought before Darwin,” in Edward N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2019 ed., https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolution-before-darwin.

  3. Robert C. Fuller, “Religious Responses to Modern Science, 1865–1945,” chapter 24 in Stephen J. Stein, ed., The Cambridge History of Religions in America, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 2:523–44; tagai foi Ronald L. Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998).

  4. Fuller, “Religious Responses,” 2:526–28.

  5. Joseph F. Smith, John R. Winder, ma Anthon H. Lund, “The Origin of Man,” Improvement Era, vol. 8, nu. 1 (Nov. 1909), 75–81; “What Does the Church Believe about Evolution?,” New Era, Oke. 2016, https://churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2016/10/to-the-point/what-does-the-church-believe-about-evolution.

  6. Joseph F. Smith, “Philosophy and the Church Schools,” The Juvenile Instructor, vol. 46, nu. 4 (Ape. 1911), 208–9.

  7. Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America, 77–78.

  8. Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stefaan Blancke, Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, and Peter C. Kjærgaard, eds., Creationism in Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 3, 9–13, 229; Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America, 4–23, 88; Fuller, “Religious Responses,” 2:541–43.

  9. “‘Mormon’ View of Evolution,” Deseret News, Iulai 18, 1925, vaega 3, 5; tagai foi i le T. Benjamin Spackman, “The 1909 and 1925 First Presidency Statements in Historical and Scientific Contexts,” BYU Studies Quarterly, vol. 62, nu. 2 (2022).

  10. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 3–4, 234.

  11. James E. Talmage, The Articles of Faith: A Series of Lectures on the Principal Doctrines of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1899), 3, 30–34; John A. Widtsoe, Joseph Smith as Scientist: A Contribution to Mormon Philosophy (Salt Lake City: Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Associations General Board, 1908), 1–2, 103–14; John A. Widtsoe, “Evidences and Reconciliations: To What Extent Should the Doctrine of Evolution Be Accepted?,” Improvement Era, vol. 42, nu. 7 (Iul. 1939), 417, 444–45, 447.

  12. Erich Robert Paul, Science, Religion, and Mormon Cosmology (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 179; tagai foi i le Joseph Fielding Smith, “Faith Leads to a Fulness of Truth and Righteousness,” The Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, vol. 21, no. 4 (Oke. 1930), 145–158; Joseph Fielding Smith, Man: His Origin and Destiny (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1954).

  13. First Presidency, Memorandum to the Council of the Twelve, First Council of the Seventy, and Presiding Bishopric, 5 Aperila 1931, Document C, in William E. Evenson and Duane E. Jeffery, Mormonism and Evolution: The Authoritative LDS Statements (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2005), 54–67.

  14. Compare Paul R. Green, tuufaatasia., Science and Your Faith in God: A Selected Compilation of Writings and Talks by Prominent Latter-day Saints Scientists on the Subjects of Science and Religion (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1958); Marion G. Romney, in Conference Report, Ape. 1959, 10; Marion G. Romney, “Records of Great Worth,” Ensign, Set. 1980, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1980/09/records-of-great-worth; Russell M. Nelson, “The Magnificence of Man” (Brigham Young University devotional, Mati 29, 1987), https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/russell-m-nelson/magnificence-man; William S. Bradshaw, Andrea J. Phillips, Seth M. Bybee, Richard A. Gill, Steven L. Peck, and Jamie L. Jensen, “A Longitudinal Study of Attitudes toward Evolution among Undergraduates Who Are Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,” PLoS One, vol. 13, nu. 11 (Nov. 7, 2018), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6221276.

  15. Tagai i le Henry J. Eyring, Mormon Scientist: The Life and Faith of Henry Eyring (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2007), 60–70; Henry Eyring, The Faith of a Scientist (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1967); Joseph Fielding Smith, Man: His Origin and Destiny; Joseph Fielding Smith, “Evolution,” mataupu 9 i le Doctrines of Salvation: Sermons and Writings of Joseph Fielding Smith, 3 voluma. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1954), 1:139–51. Tagai foi i le “The Gospel Defined,” mataupu 2 i le Aoaoga a Peresitene o le Ekalesia: Polika Iaga, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-brigham-young/chapter-2.

  16. Bertrand F. Harrison, “The Relatedness of Living Things,” The Instructor, Iul. 1965, 272–76, https://archive.org/details/instructor1007dese/page/n17/mode/2up.

  17. William E. Evenson, “Evolution Packet Defined,” The Daily Universe, Nov. 12, 1992, 3, in Evolution Packet, Collection on Brigham Young University Evolution Packet, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.

  18. William E. Evenson, “Evolution,” in Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., The Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 478.

  19. Alicia K. Stanton, “Science and Our Search for Truth,” New Era, Iulai 2016, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2016/07/science-and-our-search-for-truth; “What Does the Church Believe about Evolution?,” New Era, Oke. 2016, https://churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2016/10/to-the-point/what-does-the-church-believe-about-evolution.