Tapui

ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 1800 mo e 1830 naʻe aʻu ai e maʻu kava mālohi ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ki he tuʻunga mātuʻaki māʻolunga ʻaupito—ko e ʻavalisi ʻo e tokotaha lahi hake he taʻu 15 naʻe meimei ke laka hake ʻi he kālani ʻe fitú ʻene maʻu kava mālohí he taʻu, ko ha mataʻifika naʻe liunga tolu ange hono lahí ʻi he maʻu kava mālohi ʻi he 2016.¹ Naʻe pehē ʻe ha kau ngāue fakalakalaka fakasōsiale tokolahi ʻi he senituli hono 19 ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ko ha palopalema fakafonua ʻa e maʻu kava mālohí pea naʻa nau faʻa feinga ke taʻofi hono ngaohi ʻo e ngaahi kava mālohí. Naʻe ʻiloa ha niʻihi ko e kau poupou ngāue fakalakalaká, ʻa ia ne ueʻi kinautolu ʻe ha ngaahi hohaʻa kehekehe, mei he feinga ke fakatupulaki e ngāue ʻaonga ʻa e kau ngāué, ki hono taʻofi ʻo e ngaahi fetāʻaki ne kaunga ki ai e kava mālohí, ʻo aʻu ki hono pehē ko e huʻakavaʻiá ko ha angahala mamafa. Naʻe taukaveʻi ʻe ha niʻihi ʻa e inu fakafuofua peé kae fakafepakiʻi ʻe ha niʻihi ʻa e faʻahinga kotoa pē ʻo e kava mālohí. Ka naʻe kei loto pē ʻa e niʻihi ke fakapaasi e ngaahi lao te ne tapui hono ngaohi, tufaki, mo fakatau atu ʻo e kava mālohí.² Naʻe feinga ha ngaahi kautaha poupou ʻiloa hangē ko e Kautaha Lotu Poupou Faka-Kalisitiane ʻa Fafiné (Womanʻs Christian Temperance Union), Sosaieti Poupou ʻa ʻAmeliká (American Temperance Society), mo e Kulupu Fakafepaki ʻo e Saluní (Anti-Saloon League) ki hono tapuí mo e ako ki hono fakafepakiʻi ʻo e kava mālohí, ʻo nau hoko ai ko e kautaha liliu fakasōsiale lahi taha ʻo e senitulí.³ ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 20, naʻe tupulaki ʻa e tokoni ki hono tapuí. Naʻe fakapaasi ʻe ha ngaahi siteiti ʻe niʻihi ha ngaahi lao fakatapui kae fakahoko ʻe ha niʻihi kehe ha ngaahi lao fakalotofonua, ʻa ia naʻe fakaʻatā ai ʻa e ngaahi koló mo e ngaahi vahefonuá ke tapui hono fakatau atu ʻo e kava mālohí.⁴

Neongo naʻe faleʻi ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó ʻa e Kāingalotú ke nau fakaʻehiʻehi mei hono inu e uainé mo e ngaahi inu mālohí, ka naʻe kei ʻatā pē ʻa e ngaahi inu kava mālohí ʻi ʻIutā ʻi he 1900.⁵ ʻI he 1909, naʻe ʻulungia ai ʻi he fale alea ʻo e ngaahi siteití ha lao ne fakataumuʻa ki hono tapui fakafonuá. Naʻe fakapaasi leva ʻe he fale alea ʻIutaá ha lao fakalotofonua ke fili mei ai, ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai tali ʻe Kōvana Viliami Sipilai, ko ha tokotaha naʻá ne taukaveʻi mālohi ʻa e tafaʻaki fakafepakí.⁶ Hili ha taʻu ʻe ua mei ai, naʻe fakangofua ʻe he fale aleá mo e kōvaná ha lao naʻe fie maʻu ai ki he tukui kolo ʻi ʻIutaá ke nau fili pe te nau loto ke tapu hono fakatau atu ʻo e kava mālohí ʻi honau tukui koló. Naʻe fakafepakiʻi ʻa hono taʻofi hono fakatau atu ʻo e kava mālohí ʻe Sōleki Siti, ʻOkiteni, mo e tukui kolo kehe naʻe tokolahi ai ʻa e kakai taʻe Siasí, ka naʻe lahi e tukui kolo ne loto ki aí.⁷ Naʻe ʻikai tali ha feinga tapui fakasiteiti ʻe taha ʻi he 1915, ka naʻe tali ha lao hono tolu ʻi he 1917. Hili ha taʻu ʻe ua mei ai naʻe tali ʻe he fale alea ʻo ʻIutaá ʻa e Fakalelei Hono 18 ki he Konisitūtone ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ʻa ia naʻe fakamamafaʻi ai hono tapui fakafonuá.

Naʻe liliu e fakakaukau ʻa e kakai ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ki hono tapuí, lolotonga e taʻu ʻe hongofulu hono hokó. ʻI he 1933, naʻe tokolahi e fili ʻi he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke toʻo hono tapuí. Koeʻuhí ke ola lelei ʻa e fakalelei foʻoú, ne pau ke poupou ki ai ha vahe fā ʻe tolu ʻo e ngaahi siteití.⁸ Naʻe movete e poupou ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi ʻIutaá, ka naʻe fili ʻe he siteití ke nau tali.⁹ Naʻe hoko ʻeni ko ha meʻa fakamamahi kia Palesiteni Hiipa J. Kalānite, ʻa ia naʻá ne tauʻi hono fulihi ʻa e tapuí pea mo tapou ki he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ke fakamuʻomuʻa hono tauhi e Lea ʻo e Potó.¹⁰ ʻI he poupou ʻa ʻIutaá, naʻe lava ai ʻe he Fale Aleá ʻo maʻu ʻa e vahe fā ʻe tolu naʻe fie maʻú, pea naʻe hoko leva ʻa e Fakalelei Hono 21 ko ha lao. Naʻe fakangata hono tapui fakalaó ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe fili kimui ange ʻe he kau tangataʻi fonua ʻo ʻIutā ʻi he 1933 ke fakataʻeʻaongaʻi ʻa e tapui fakasiteití.¹¹

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

• Sarah W. Tracy, Alcoholism in America: From Reconstruction to Prohibition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).

• Brent G. Thompson, “‘Standing between Two Fires’: Mormons and Prohibition, 1908–1917,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 10 (1983), 35–52.

• John Kearnes, “Utah, Sexton of Prohibition,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 1 (1979), 5–21.

• Thomas G. Alexander, Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890–1930, 3rd ed. (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2013).

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Lea ʻo e Potó (T&F 89), ʻIutā, Ngaahi Faʻunga Fakalao mo Fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

1. Sarah W. Tracy, Alcoholism in America: From Reconstruction to Prohibition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 6; Steve Olson, Alcohol in America: Taking Action to Prevent Abuse (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1985), 2; Sarah P. Haughwout and Megan E. Slater, “Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–2016,” Surveillance Report #110 (Bethesda, Maryland: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2016), https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance110/CONS16.htm.

2. Ronald G. Walters, American Reformers, 1815–1860, rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1997), 125.

3. Tracy, Alcoholism in America, 6–7, 42.

4. Brent G. Thompson, “‘Standing between Two Fires’: Mormons and Prohibition, 1908–1917,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 10 (1983), 36.

5. Thompson, “Standing between Two Fires,” 36. Vakai ki he Tefito: Lea ʻo e Potó (T&F 89).

6. Thompson, “Standing between Two Fires,” 40–41.

7. Thompson, “Standing between Two Fires,” 43–44.

8. John Kearnes, “Utah, Sexton of Prohibition,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 1 (1979), 6; David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 138.

9. Kearnes, “Utah, Sexton of Prohibition,” 13, 15–19.

10. Naʻe taukapoʻi mālohi ʻe Hiipa J. Kalānite ʻa e fakaʻehiʻehi mei he kava mālohí mo hono tauhi ʻo e Lea ʻo e Potó (Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89). Lolotonga ʻene ʻi he kau palesitenisií, naʻá ne taukaveʻi ʻa hono taʻofi mo e fakaʻehiʻehi mei he kava mālohí ke hoko ko ha meʻa pau ki hono maʻu ha lekomeni temipalé. Naʻe tokoni lahi ʻene ngaahi aʻusia ʻi heʻene hoko ko ha tokotaha lahi kei talavoú ke ne fakaʻapaʻapaʻi lahi ʻa e Lea ʻo e Potó. Vakai, Tefitó: Hiipa J. Kalānite; vakai foki, Ronald W. Walker, Qualities That Count: Heber J. Grant as Businessman, Missionary, and Apostle (Provo: BYU Studies, 2004), 51–54.

11. Kearnes, “Utah, Sexton of Prohibition,” 8, 19.