Ngaahi Kulupu Taʻefakalaó

ʻI he kotoa ʻo e taʻu 1830 mo e 1840 tupú ʻi ʻOhaiō, Mīsuli, mo ʻIlinoisi, naʻe aʻusia ai ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e fakatanga mo e fakamālohi fakamamahi koeʻuhí ko e kau fakatangá. Naʻe kau ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻi he taha ʻo e ngaahi kulupu tokolahi ke nau mamahi ʻi he faʻahinga tōʻonga peheé. Naʻe faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he tukui koló ʻa e ngaahi founga hangē ko e tā valitaaʻi ʻo fakapipiki ʻaki ʻa e fulufuluʻi moá mo e ngaahi fakamamahi taʻefakalao kehe ke fakamālohiʻi ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukau pē ʻanautolu ki he fakamaau totonú ʻi he taimi ne nau taʻefiemālie ai ki he ngaahi ngāue ʻa e puleʻangá mo e fakamaauʻangá. Tautautefito ki he kuonga muʻá, naʻe tokolahi ʻa e kakai ʻAmelika naʻa nau pehē ko e ngaahi fakamamahi ko ʻení ko hano fakahaaʻi ia ʻo e mateakiʻi fonuá mo e maluʻi kitá.

illustration of a mob destroying the Church’s press in 1833

Ko e fakatātā ʻo ha kau fakatanga ʻi heʻenau fakaʻauha ʻa e mīsini paaki ʻa e Siasí ʻi Tauʻatāina, Mīsuli, ʻi he 1833.

Ko e fakamamahi ne ʻiloa taha naʻe fai ʻe he kau fakamamahi taʻefakalaó ki he Kāingalotú ko hono valitaaʻi mo fakapipiki fulufuluʻi moa ʻo e kau taki ʻiloa ʻo e Siasí ʻi ʻOhaiō mo Mīsulí; ko hono fakaʻauha ʻo e mīsini paaki ʻa e Siasí ʻi Tauʻatāina, Mīsuli, ʻi he 1833; ko hono tuli ʻo e kau Māmongá mei he Vahefonua Siakisoní ʻi he 1833, mei he Vahefonua Mīsulí ʻi he 1838–39, pea mei he Vahefonua ʻIlinoisí ʻi he 1846; pea mo hono fakapoongi ʻo Siosefa mo Hailame Sāmita ʻi he 1844.

Naʻe fakatonuhiaʻi fēfē ʻe he kakai ʻAmelika ʻo e kuonga muʻá ʻa e fakamamahi ʻa e kau fakatangá?

Naʻe fakavaʻe ʻa e tukufakaholo ʻa ʻAmelika ki he fakamamahi taʻefakalaó mei hono tauʻi ʻe he fonuá ʻenau tauʻatāiná. Hangē ko ʻení, ʻi he 1773, naʻe faʻufaʻu mo fakahoko ʻe he kakai ne nofo ʻi Positoní ʻa hono ʻohofi ʻa e kau ʻofisa Tānaki Tukuhaú, ʻa ia naʻe ʻiloa ko e Boston Tea Party. Hili e Tau Fakalotofonua ʻa ʻAmeliká, naʻe hokohoko atu e kakaí ke nau fakatonuhiaʻi ʻa e anga fītaʻá ʻa ia naʻa nau pehē ko e loto ia ʻa ha kakai tokolahi. Naʻe tatau ai pē pe naʻa nau nofo ʻi he loto koló pe ko e tukui kolo ʻutá, naʻe tokolahi ʻa e kakai ʻAmelika ʻi he kuonga muʻá ne nau pehē naʻa nau maʻu ʻa e totonu ke nau fai tuʻutuʻuni ki he laó ke maluʻi ʻenau moʻuí. Naʻe aʻu pē ki he kau ʻofisa fakapuleʻangá naʻa nau faʻa hehema ke tali e ngaahi ʻuhinga ko ʻení. ʻI he taimi naʻe tuli ai ʻa e Kāingalotú mei he Vahefonua Siakisoní, naʻe pehē ai ʻe Taniela Tangikilini, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ko e kōvana ʻo Mīsuli mei he 1832 ki he 1836, ko e “fakakaukau ʻa e kakaí ʻoku mahuʻinga ange ia ʻi he laó; pea … ʻoku maumautaimi ke toe fakafepakiʻi ia.”¹

Naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu fēfē ʻa hono fakamamahiʻi ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí?

Hangē pē ko e ngaahi fakamamahi taʻefakalao kehe ʻi ʻAmelika ʻi he kuonga muʻá, naʻe maau ange ʻa hono ʻohofi tokolahi ʻe he kakaí ʻa e kau Māmongá ʻi heʻetau fakakaukau atu ʻi he ngaahi ʻahó ni ki he foʻi lea ko e fakatanga. Hangē ko ʻení, ko hono ʻohofi ko ia ʻo e Kāingalotú ʻi Tauʻatāina, Mīsuli ʻi Siulai 1833, naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu ia ʻe ha kōmiti ʻo e kau tangataʻi fonua lelei taha ʻi he vahefonuá—ko ha kōmiti ʻoku kakato ʻi hono sea pea mo e kau sekelitalí. Kimuʻa pea nau fakaʻauha ʻa e ʻofisi paaki ʻa W. W. Felipisí mo valitaaʻi mo fakapipiki fulufuluʻi moa ʻa Pīsope ʻEtuate Pātilisi mo ha mēmipa ʻe taha ʻo e Siasí, naʻe fakataha ʻa e kau taki fakakolo ko ʻení ki ha fale fakamaauʻanga ʻo faʻu ai ha tohi fakamatala naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ai ke mavahe ʻa e Kāingalotú mei he koló, pea fuakava ʻo hangē tofu pē ko e kau fakamoʻoni ʻi he Declaration of Independence, ʻa ʻenau “moʻuí, koloá, mo e lāngilangi toputapú” ko ʻenau poupou ki he taumuʻa ngāué.²

Naʻe tali fēfē ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e fakamamahi taʻefakalaó?

ʻI he ngaahi tūkunga lahi, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau fakatangá ko e kau sōtia fakalotofonuá, ʻa ia naʻe faingataʻa ai ki he Kāingalotú ke nau maʻu ha fakamaau totonu ʻi he laó.³ Ko hono moʻoní, ko e kau ʻofisa maʻolunga ʻi he kau sōtia ʻo e Vahefonua Siakisoní naʻa nau faʻao ʻa e meʻatau ʻa e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he 1833 pea naʻa nau tuʻu pē ʻo sio ki hono maumauʻi taʻefakalao ʻe he kau fakamamahí ʻa e tukui ʻapi mo e koloa ʻa e Kāingalotú. ʻI he 1838 naʻe iku ʻo kau mo ha niʻihi ʻi he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he fakamamahi taʻefakalaó koeʻuhí ke maluʻi honau ngaahi ʻapí mo tauʻi ʻa e niʻihi ne nau fakamanamanaʻi kinautolú.⁴ ʻI he kotoa ʻo e fekeʻikeʻi ʻi Mīsulí mo e ngaahi taʻu ne hili aí, naʻe fakalotolahiʻi ʻe Siosefa Sāmita mo e kau taki kehé ʻa e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ke nau fekumi ke totongi ʻe he puleʻangá ʻenau molé.⁵

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics Essays, topics.lds.org.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996).

Marie H. Nelson, “Anti-Mormon Mob Violence and the Rhetoric of Law and Order in Early Mormon History,” Legal Studies Forum, vol. 21 (1997), 353–88.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Jackson County Violence (Fakamamahi ʻi he Vahefonua Siakisoní), Mormon-Missouri War of 1838 (Tau ʻa e Māmongá mo Mīsuli ʻi he 1838), Opposition to the Early Church (Fakafepaki ʻi he Kamataʻanga ʻo e Siasí)

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Daniel Dunklin letter to W. W. Phelps, July 18, 1836, in W. W. Phelps, Collection of Missouri Documents, 1833–37, Church History Library, Salt Lake City; see also Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 30–33; Ronald W. Walker, Richard E. Turley Jr., and Glen M. Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows: An American Tragedy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 8–10; Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 1–86.

2. ʻOku maʻu ʻa e fakamatala ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he meʻa naʻe hokó ʻi he “To His Excellency, Daniel Dunklin, Governor of the State of Missouri,” in The Evening and the Morning Star, Dec. 1833, 228–29. Naʻe fakamatalaʻi ʻe he kau Mīsuli ʻe niʻihi ʻenau tūkungá ʻi he Jeffersonian Republican, Aug. 17, 1833; Richard Lyman Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 223, 224.

3. Vakai, Militia Act of 1792, 1 Stat. chap. 33 (1792); cited in “Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics Essays, topics.lds.org.

4. Vakai, “Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints.”

5. Vakai, Clark V. Johnson, ed., Mormon Redress Petitions: Documents of the 1833–1838 Missouri Conflict (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1992).