Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká

ʻI he 1929, naʻe fakatupu ʻe he tōlalo ʻa e māketi fefakatauʻakí ha ngaahi fakatamaki fakaʻekonōmika ʻi he funga ʻo e māmaní ʻo fakalalahi ai ʻa e masivesivá, uesia e ngaahi kautaha fakapaʻangá, mo fakavaivaiʻi e fefakatauʻaki fakavahaʻapuleʻangá. Naʻe meimei ke uesia e fonua kotoa pē ʻi he māmaní ʻi he mafola ko ʻeni ʻa e palopalemá, ʻa ia naʻe ʻiloa ko e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká. ʻI he taimi ko iá, ne fakafuofua ki he peseti ʻe 90 ʻo e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí naʻa nau nofo ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ʻa ia naʻe tolonga ai e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká ʻo feʻunga mo ha taʻu ʻe hongofulu nai. Ko e konga lahi ʻo e toenga ʻo e kāingalotú naʻá nau nofo ʻi Kānata, ʻIulope, ʻOtu Motu Pasifikí, ʻAmelika Lotoloto mo ʻAmelika Tonga, pea mo ʻĒsia, ʻa ia ne hāsino ai ha niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi nunuʻa kovi tahá. Naʻe meimei ke foua ʻe he haʻofanga kotoa pē ʻo e Siasí ha mafasia lahi koeʻuhí ko ʻenau fanga monumanú mo e maʻuʻanga moʻuí, ʻo fakatupunga ai tokoni fakalotofonua mo fakalūkufua mei he Siasí.¹

laine ki he maá

Laine ki he maá ʻi Niu ʻIoke Siti lolotonga e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká.

Naʻe ʻi ai ha fatongia mahuʻinga ʻa e houʻeiki fafine ne ngāue ʻi he Fineʻofá ki hono tokangaekinga ʻa e masivá mo hono fakafekauʻaki ʻo e ngaahi polokalama uelofeá kimuʻa pea ʻi he mo e lolotonga ʻa e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká. ʻI Siamane, ne liuliunga ai e faingataʻaʻia fakapaʻangá koeʻuhí ko e fatongia ʻa e fonuá ke totongi fakafoki e maumau hili e Tau Lahi Hono ʻUluaki ʻa Māmaní, naʻe hoko e ngaahi polokalama angamaheni ʻa e Fineʻofá hangē ko e tuitui maʻá e masivá mo e ngaahi pasā ngāue fakameaʻá ko ha tokoni mahuʻinga ia he taimi faingataʻá.² Naʻe tānaki atu ʻe he kakai fefiné mo e kakai tangatá ha ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali hiva, hulohula, lau maau, mo ha ngaahi lea ki he pasaá mo e ngaahi feinga paʻangá, ʻa ia naʻe fakafiefia ki he kakaí lolotonga e feinga paʻanga maʻá e masivá.³ Lolotonga e kamata ke hoko ʻa e tō lalo fakaʻekonōmiká ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻe tānaki ʻe he kau Fineʻofá ha ngaahi tokoni pea nau ngāue tokoni ʻi he ʻū fale faʻoʻanga meʻakai kapá mo e ʻū fale tuituí. Naʻe ngāue fakataha ʻa e kau Pīsopé mo e kau taki Fineʻofá ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi fāmili faingataʻaʻiá pea tufaki ha koloa ki he masivá.

Naʻe fengāueʻaki fakataha ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí mo e puleʻanga fakalotofonuá mo fakavahefonuá, kau Palotisaní, kau Katoliká, mo e ngaahi kautaha tokoni fakatāutahá ke tokoni ki he faingataʻaʻiá. Hangē ko ʻení, naʻe fakanofo ʻe he kōvana ʻo ʻIutā ko Siaosi Tení ʻa e Pīsope Pule ko Silivesitā Q. Kēnoní ke ne hoko ko e sea ʻo e Kōsilio Faleʻi ʻa e Vahefonuá ki he Kau Taʻe-Maʻungāué, ʻa ia naʻa nau vakaiʻi ai e ngaahi founga tokoní ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi ha ngaahi meʻafua kehekehe, ʻo kau ai e savea ʻa e Siasí ki he kau maʻungāue ʻi he ʻapi kotoa pē ʻi Sōleki Sití. Naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi foki ʻe he puleʻanga fakavahefonuá ʻa e polokalama Fakafetongi Ngāue Fakasōsiale ʻa e Fineʻofá (Relief Society’s Social Service Exchange) ko hano fakafekauʻaki e ngaahi ngāue tokoni ʻofa kehekehé. Naʻe tataki ʻa e ngāue ko ʻení ʻe ʻEimi Palauni Laimani, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ko e tokoni ʻuluaki ʻi he Kau Palesitenisī Lahi ʻo e Fineʻofá.⁴ Ka ʻi he hokohoko atu e faingataʻá pea kamata ke tokolahi ange ʻa e niʻihi ne fie maʻu tokoní ʻi he meʻa ne malava ʻe he Potungāue Tokoni Fakasōsiale ʻa e Fineʻofá (Relief Society Social Service Department), naʻe sio ʻa e kau taki fakasiteikí mo e kau taki māʻolungá ke fakalahi ʻa e ngaahi polokalama uelofeá ke poupouʻi lelei ange ai e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí.⁵

ʻI he Siteiki Paionia ʻIutaá, ʻa ia naʻe meimei vaeua ai e tō lalo ʻa e paʻanga hū mai fakatāutahá, naʻe tokangaʻi ʻe he palesiteni siteiki ko Hāloti B. Lií ʻa e ngaahi polokalama ke fakalahi e koloa ʻi he fale tukuʻanga koloá mo ʻoatu ha ngaahi faingamālie ngāue. ʻI hono fakatokangaʻi ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻa e ola lelei ʻa e tokoni ʻa e siteiki ko ʻení, naʻa nau kole ai kia Lī ke ne taki e Kōmiti Lahi ʻa e Siasí ki he Maluʻí (General Church Security Committee) pea faʻu ha palani uelofea fakaemāmani lahi ʻa e Siasí. ʻI he 1933 mo e 1934, naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu ʻe he kōmití ha palani naʻe faʻu fakatatau hano konga ki he ngaahi polokalama uelofea ʻa e Fineʻofá ke tufaki e tokoní ʻi he taimi ʻe hoko ai ha meʻa fakatuʻupakeé, lolotonga iá ʻoku tanumaki ʻa e moʻui mohu founga fakatāutahá mo e tauʻatāina fakapaʻangá.⁶ Ko e Palani Maluʻi foʻou ko ʻeni ʻa e Siasí naʻe fanongonongo ʻi he 1936, ne fakaʻilongaʻi ai e kamataʻanga ʻo e polokalama uelofea ʻa e Siasí he taimi ní.

Ko e ngaahi fonua kehekehe ne nau faingataʻaʻia ʻi he Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká ne nau fakahoko ha ngaahi founga kehekehe ʻo e fakaakeaké, hangē ko hono faʻu foʻou ʻo e ngaahi kautaha pangikeé, kaniseli ʻa e ngaahi totongi tupu ʻo e fakamoʻuá, fakapaʻanga ʻa e ngaahi ngāue langá mo e ngaahi polokalama uelofeá, pea mo e totongi fakahangatonu ki he kau taʻe-maʻungāué. Naʻe fakafeʻiloaki ʻe Pilitania Lahi mo e ʻIunaiteti Siteiti ha ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni foʻou mo ha ngaahi polokalama maluʻi ke taʻofi ʻaki e hohaʻatuʻu ʻa e māketí mo maluʻi e fefakatauʻakí. ʻI he kongaloto ʻo e 1930 tupú, naʻe kamata ke toe fakaakeake ʻa e ngaahi fonua tōlalo lahi tahá, pea ʻi he 1939, naʻe ofi ʻa e ngaohi koloá (production) mo e ʻavalisi ʻo e paʻanga hū mai fakatāutahá ki ha ngaahi tuʻunga ne tatau mo e 1929. Naʻe hoko ʻa e kamata ʻa e Tau Lahi Hono II ʻa Māmaní ʻi he 1939 ke fakatupu ai ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki foʻou ki he tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmiká, ka naʻe fakamālohiʻi heni ʻa e ngaahi kautahá ʻi he ngaahi fonua kehekehe ke nau fakavaveʻi hono ngaohi e koloá ke tokoni ki he feinga taú.⁷ Ne hoko e ngaahi tuʻunga ngāue foʻou ʻa e ngaahi pangikeé, holoki ʻo e fefakatauʻaki fakavaʻahaʻapuleʻangá, pea mo e ngaahi ola ʻo e taú he kamataʻangá ke fakangata ai ʻa e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká.⁸

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

First Presidency Statements, 1933 and 1936, in “The Road to Financial Security,” Ensign, Mar. 2003, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2003/03/the-road-to-financial-security.

Harold B. Lee, “Church Security: Retrospect, Introspect, Prospect,” Improvement Era, vol. 40, no. 4 (Apr. 1937), 204–10.

“How the Church Started Its Welfare Program,” https://mediasrv.churchofjesuschrist.org/media-services/GA/type/6029992971001/hls.m3u8

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Bruce D. Blumell and Garth L. Mangum, The Mormons’ War on Poverty: A History of LDS Welfare, 1830–1990 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993).

Robert McElvaine, ed., Encyclopedia of the Great Depression, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 2004).

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Ngaahi Polokalama Uelofeá, Fineʻofá, Amy Brown Lyman (ʻEimi Palauni Laimani), Hāloti B. Lī

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Donald Q. Cannon and James B. Mayfield, “Welfare and Humanitarian Aid, 1936–Present,” in Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 148–51.

2. Vakai ki he Tefito: Tau Lahi Hono ʻUluaki ʻa Māmaní

3. Cologne Branch Relief Society Minutes and Records, 213, LR 1868 14, Church History Library, Salt Lake City; see also “Germany: ‘We Had Another Working Hour This Week,’” Global Histories, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/history/global-histories/germany/stories-of-faith/de-02-another-working-hour.

4. Thomas G. Alexander, Utah: The Right Place, rev. ed. (Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith, 2007), 314–15, 332–33.

5. Cannon and Mayfield, “Welfare and Humanitarian Aid,” 148; Richard O. Cowan and William E. Homer, “The Depression Years: 1929–1939,” in California Saints: A 150-Year Legacy in the Golden State (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 1996), 283–300; Evelyn Hodges Lewis, Interview, 1979, OH 553, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

6. Harold B. Lee, “Church Security: Retrospect, Introspect, Prospect,” Improvement Era, vol. 40, no. 4 (Apr. 1937), 204–10; vakai foki ki he Tefito: Ngaahi Polokalama Uelofeá.

7. Vakai ki he Tefito: Tau Lahi Hono II ʻa Māmaní.

8. Peter Temin, “Great Depression,” in Joel Mokyr, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).