Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó

ʻI he 1846, hili ha lau māhina ʻenau mavahe mei Nāvū, ʻIlinoisí, ko ha fononga maile ʻe 300 ne fou atu he Vahefonua ʻAioua naʻe fakamamahi fau ʻene tuaí ne kiʻi taʻofi ai ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e Kōlomu ʻo e Kau ʻAposetolo ʻe Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá ʻa e fehikitaki fakahihifo ʻa e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻaho Kimui Ní, ka nau teuteu ki he faʻahitaʻu momokó. Naʻe ʻamanaki atu ʻa ʻIongi te nau aʻu ki he Feituʻu Tokalelei Lahí he faʻahitaʻu māfana ko iá, ka naʻe uesia lahi ʻe he kelé mo e fokoutuá ʻa e kau kumi hūfangá.¹ Makatuʻunga ʻi hono fakapoongi ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá, pea hoko atu mo hono tuli fakamālohiʻi ʻo e Kāingalotu mei Nāvuú, naʻe tui ha tokolahi ʻo e Kāingalotú he ʻikai ke nau toe falala ki he lao ʻo e fakamaau totonu ki he maluʻi [ʻo ha taha pē ko ha meʻa] ʻa ʻAmeliká.

Naʻe fili ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ha feituʻu ʻi he Vahefonua ʻo e Kau ʻInitia Kulá ʻi he feituʻu Kosilio Palafí he veʻe Vaitafe Mīsulí pea nau faʻu ai ha aleapau mo e matakali ʻOmaha (ʻUmonihoní) pea mo e Potauatomi (Poteuatimiki) mo e kau ngāue maʻá e Kau ʻInitia Kula ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke langa ha nofoʻanga fakataimi.² Ne tuʻu foki mo e kauvai fakahihifo ʻo e vaitafé ʻi he Vahefonua ʻo e Kau ʻInitia Kula, ʻa ia ko ha feituʻu lelei moʻoni ki he fefonongaʻaki ʻa e ʻū vaká. Naʻe fakafuofua ki ha Kāingalotu ʻe toko 7,000 ne tūʻuta ki ai ʻi he 1846, kae kei nofo ha meimei toko 3,000 ʻi he ngaahi ʻapitanga he veʻe halanga ʻAiouaá.³ Lolotonga hono kamata langa ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e ngaahi fale mei hono keli ʻo e kelekelé mo e fale sinoʻi ʻakaú, ne nau fehangahangai mo ha tōnounou fakameʻatokoni mo e ngaahi naunau ʻi he hanganaki mai ʻa e faʻahitaʻu momokó. Ne fakalalahi e mafola ʻa e mahakí ʻi he fiekaiá, hongeá, mo e nofo tokolahí.⁴

ʻI he palani ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he fononga ne hanganaki maí, ne nau maʻu ha faingamālie ke fakaleleiange ʻenau ngaahi meʻa ke tokonakí mei he fie maʻu kau sōtia ʻa e Kau Tau ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Neongo naʻe ongoʻi taʻefiemālie ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he puleʻanga ʻIunaiteti Siteití pea nau momou ke kau atu ki ha tau mo Mekisikou, ka naʻe kau atu ha kau tangata ʻe toko 500 ki he Patalione Māmongá ke maʻu ha vāhenga ke tokoni ki he Siasí.⁵ Ko e lahi taha ʻo ʻenau vahé naʻe ʻoatu ia kia Pīsope Niueli K. Uitinī ko ha paʻanga tokoni. Naʻá ne fakatau leva ha meʻakai mo ha ngaahi naunau ʻi Seni Luisi, Mīsuli, ki he fale tukuʻanga koloa maʻá e Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó.⁶

Naʻe fekumi ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ki ha fakahinohino mei he ʻEikí peá ne maʻu ha fakahā ʻa ia ne fakahinohinoʻi ai ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he founga ke fokotuʻutuʻu ʻaki ʻenau fononga mavahé.⁷ Ko ha ngaahi misi naʻá ne ueʻi ʻa ʻIongi pea mo maʻu ha ngaahi fakahinohino ki he founga ke fokotuʻu ʻa e fale ʻo ʻIsilelí ʻi hono hala ʻo e fuakavá. Ne nonga hono ʻatamaí ʻi heʻene mavahe mei he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó he ʻaho 7 ʻo ʻEpeleli, 1847, ke kau fakataha mo e kau mēmipa ʻo e fuofua kulupu paioniá ʻi he kamata ʻenau fonongá.⁸

Naʻe tokanga taha e Kāingalotu ne kei nofo he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó ke teuteu ki ha hiki fononga tokolahi ʻaupito. ‘I he faʻahitaʻu māfana mo e fakatōlau ʻo e 1847, ne ʻaukolo mai ha kau kumi hūfanga tokolahi ange mei he halanga ʻAiouaá. Ne toe uiuiʻi ha kau pīsope tokolahi ange ke tokoni ki hono tokangaʻi ʻo e paeá mo e masivá—ʻo tokotaha ki he kolo.⁹ Ne fehūfiaʻaki mo fe-tāpuekinaʻaki ʻa e kakai fefiné, ʻa ia naʻa nau tokolahi ange ʻi he kakai tangata ʻo e koló.¹⁰ ‘I he fakaʻau ke lelei ange ʻa e ʻeá, ne langa ʻe he Kāingalotú ha ngaahi ʻapi nofoʻanga mālohi ange pea tō mo ʻaaʻi ʻa e ngoué ke tuku ki ha kau hikifonua ʻamui ange.

ʻI he faʻahitaʻu fakatōlau ʻo e 1847 pea ʻi he foki hifo ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi mei heʻene fononga ki he Feituʻu Tokalelei Lahí, naʻá ne fakatokangaʻi ha nofoʻanga naʻe tupu moʻui ʻaupito. Naʻá ne ʻamanaki atu ke liʻaki ia koeʻuhí naʻe mei ʻosi ʻa e lisi kelekelé ʻi he matakali ʻOmahá ʻi ha ngaahi māhina siʻi. Naʻe kamata ke hiki faka-hahake ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻo fou atu he vaitafé pea foki ki ʻAiouā pea nau fakahingoa ʻa e nofoʻanga foʻou ne nau hiki ki aí ko Kanesivili ke fakalangilangiʻi ʻa Tōmasi L. Keini, naʻá ne tokoniʻi kinautolu hili hono tuli fakamālohi kinautolu mei Nāvuú.¹¹

Naʻe fakataha mai e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ki honau tāpanekale ʻakaú ʻi Kanesivili ʻi Tīsema ʻo e 1847, ke poupouʻi ha Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluaki foʻou pea mo Pilikihami ʻIongi ko e palesiteni. Ne hoko ʻa ʻOasoni Haiti ko e Palesiteni foʻou ia ʻa e Kōlomu ʻo e Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá.¹² Ne tataki ʻe ‘Iongi mo hono ongo tokoní ha ngaahi kulupu ki he hihifó ʻi he faʻahitaʻu failaú; naʻe nofo pē ʻa Haiti ʻi Kanesivili ke tokangaʻi ʻa e kau tūʻuta maí, ngaahi teuteú, mo e mavahe atu ʻa e Kāingalotú mei he fakahahake ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo ʻIulopé.

Naʻe faingataʻa ki he Kāingalotu ʻi he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó ke fakanaunau kinautolu ki he fononga fakahihifó, ka ʻi Kanesivilí, ne ʻomi ʻe he fakavave ki he koula ʻo e 1849 ha paʻanga lahi.¹³ Naʻe loto fiemālie ʻa e kau hikifonua-ki-Kalefōnia ne fou mai ʻi Kanesivilí ke totongi ha paʻanga lahi ki ha meʻakai mo ha ngaahi naunau. Naʻe toe tapou atu ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e kau taki kehé ki he Kāingalotú ke nau fakataha ki Saione, pea ʻi he 1852, naʻe mavahe atu ha ʻū saliote ʻe 21 mo ha Kāingalotu ʻe toko 10,000 tupu ki ʻIutā. Naʻe vave pē hono toe fakahingoa ʻo Kanesivili ko e Kosilio Palafí, pea ne hoko ʻa e Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó ko Fololenisi, Nepulasikā.¹⁴

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻo e Siasí

Richard E. Bennett, “Winter Quarters: Church Headquarters, 1846–1848,” Ensign, Sept. 1997, 42–53.

Chad M. Orton, “‘This Shall Be Our Covenant’: D&C 136,” ʻi he Matthew McBride and James Goldberg, eds., Revelations in Context: The Stories behind the Sections of the Doctrine and Covenants (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2016), 307–14.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Richard E. Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 1846–1852: “And Should We Die” (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987).

William G. Hartley, “Council Bluffs/Kanesville, Iowa: A Hub for Mormon Settlements, Operations, and Emigration, 1846–1852,” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, vol. 26 (2006), 17–47.

Jennifer L. Lund, “‘Pleasing to the Eyes of an Exile’: The Latter-day Saint Sojourn at Winter Quarters, 1846–1848,” BYU Studies, vol. 39, no. 2 (2000), 112–43.

Ngaahi fakamatalá

1. Richard E. Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 1846–1852: “And Should We Die” (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 90; Edward L. Kimball and Kenneth Godfrey, “Law and Order in Winter Quarters,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 32, no. 1 (Spring 2006), 172–218.

2. Ne nofo ʻa e kau Potauatomí ʻi he fonua fakahahake ʻo e Vaitafe Mīsulí, pea naʻe foaki ʻa e fonua fakahihifo ʻo e vaitafé maʻá e kau ʻOmahá. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he puleʻanga ʻIunaiteti Siteití ha fakangatangata taʻu ʻe ua ʻi he kelekele ʻo e kau ʻOmahá; pea ʻi Mē ʻo e 1848, ne pau ke mavahe ʻa e kau nofo ʻi he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó. (Kimball and Godfrey, “Law and Order in Winter Quarters,” 174–75.)

3. Lolotonga ʻo e faʻahitaʻu momoko ʻo e 1846–47, ne nofo ha kakai ʻe toko 4,000 nai ʻi he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó; pea naʻe nofo ha toko 3,000 kehe ʻi he ngaahi ʻapitanga he tafaʻaki fakahahake ʻo e vaitafé. Ne kei movete atu ʻa e kau fononga ʻe toko 3,000 he veʻe halanga ʻAiouaá ʻo ʻapitanga he ngaahi feituʻu hangē ko e Kāteni Kolové mo Mauni Pisikā. Naʻe nofo ha Kāingalotu ʻe toko 1,700 nai ʻi Mīsuli he faʻahitaʻu momokó, ʻo lahi taha pē ki Seni Luisi. (Richard E. Bennett, “Winter Quarters: Church Headquarters, 1846–1848,” Ensign [Sept. 1997], 46–47. [Vakai foki, Chad M. Orton, “‘This Shall Be Our Covenant’: D&C 136,” ʻi he Matthew McBride and James Goldberg, eds., Revelations in Context: The Stories behind the Sections of the Doctrine and Covenants (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2016), 307.])

4. Vakai, Joseph B. Hinckley, “Saints and Sickness: Medicine in Nauvoo and Winter Quarters,” Religious Educator, vol. 10, no. 3 (2009), 137–49; Evan L. Ivie, “Deaths in Early Nauvoo, Illinois, 1839–46, and in Winter Quarters, Nebraska, 1846–48,” Religious Educator, vol. 10, no. 3 (2009), 163–74.

5. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Patalione MāmongáTau ʻa Mekisikou mo ʻAmeliká

6. Bennett, “Winter Quarters,” 47.

7. Vakai, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 136.

8. Orton, “This Shall Be Our Covenant,” 307–14; “Exodus to Zion in the American West,” history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org

9. Bennett, “Winter Quarters,” 47.

10. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women’s Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), 169–83.

11. Vakai ki he Tefito: Tōmasi L. mo ʻElisapeti Keini; William G. Hartley, “Council Bluffs/Kanesville, Iowa: A Hub for Mormon Settlements, Operations, and Emigration, 1846–1852,” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, vol. 26 (2006), 27–28.

12. Vakai ki he Tefito: Succession of Church Leadership; Aaron L. West, “Sustaining a New First Presidency in 1847: Why We Remember the Kanesville Tabernacle,” Nov. 20, 2017, history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org

13. Vakai ki he Tefito: Fakavave ki he Koula ʻo Kalefōniá.

14. Hartley, “Council Bluffs/Kanesville,” 43–46.