Tau Lahi ʻa Māmani Hono II

ʻOku taku ko e Tau Lahi ʻa Māmani Hono II ko e fetāʻaki fakakautau lahi taha mo maumau lahi taha ia he hisitōlia ʻo e māmaní, he naʻe aʻu ia ki he fonua mo e ʻōseni kotoa pē, pea kau ki ai ha kakai fakakautau ʻe 100 miliona tupu, pea meimei aʻu e maté ki he toko 60 miliona.¹

ʻOku kiʻi fihi e ngaahi tupuʻanga ʻo e taú. Ne fakalalahi e fetāʻaki fakavahe ʻi ʻIulope mo ʻĒsiá he 1930, pea kamata ke kau mai e ngaahi koloniá mo e ngaahi fonua ʻoku nau faʻahí.² ʻI he 1939 ne ʻi ai ha faʻahi ʻe ua: ko e Axis ne kau ki ai ʻa Siamane, Siapani, ʻĪtali; pea mo e Allied, ne kau ki ai ʻa Siaina, Falanisē, Puleʻanga Fakatahataha ʻo Lūsiá, Pilitānia, mo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití.³ Ne feinga e faʻahi ʻa e Axis ke liliu e faʻunga pule fakavahaʻapuleʻanga lolotongá ʻaki ha faʻunga pule foʻou ʻoku fakaaoao; ka naʻe feinga e faʻahi ʻa e Allied ke maluʻi e faʻunga pule lolotongá mo nau fakalahi mai honau kaungā ngāue fakatahá ke fehangahangai mo e Axis.⁴ Ne kamata e tau ʻi ʻIulopé hili hono kapa ʻe he kongakau ʻa Siamané ʻa Pōlani ʻi Sepitema 1939. Ne ngata e taú ʻi he 1945 hili ia ha meimei taʻu ʻe ono, ʻi he tukulolo e kau pule ʻo Siamané ʻi Mē pea toki tukulolo e kau pule ʻo Siapaní ʻi Sepitema.⁵

Ne foua ʻe he Kāingalotú e tau he ngaahi feituʻu lahi pea toe kehekehe mo e ngaahi faʻahi ne nau kau ki aí. ʻI he ʻalu ke fakalalahi e fakamanamana ki he taú ʻi ʻIulope ʻi he 1938, ne fetukutuku fakataimi mai e kau faifekau ne ngāue ʻi Siamané ki Tenimaʻake mo Hōlani, pea teuteuʻi leva ʻe he kau taki ʻi he misioná e kāingalotu fakalotofonua ʻo e Siasí ki he tuʻunga ʻo ha meʻa fakatuʻupakē. ʻI ha ngaahi ʻaho kimuʻa pea kapa ʻe Siamane ʻa Pōlani ʻi he 1939, ne tuʻutuʻuni ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ke fetukutuku e kau faifekau ʻAmelika Noate kotoa pē mei ʻIulope—meimei ko ha kau faifekau ʻe toko 800 mo e kau palesiteni misiona ʻe toko 23 mo honau ngaahi fāmilí.⁶ ʻI he taimi ne tala tau ai ʻa Pilitānia mo Falanisē ki Siamané koeʻuhí ko ʻenau ʻoho fakakautaú, ne aʻu ki ha kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻe toko ua mano ki he tolu mano ne nau nofo ʻi he konitinēniti ʻo ʻIulopé, pea ko e tokolahi tahá ne nau nofo ʻi he Misiona Siamane Hahaké mo e Hihifó. Ne kau atu e kau sōtia Siasi mei Pilitānia Lahi, Kānata, ʻAositelēlia, Nuʻusila, mo Saute ʻAfiliká ʻi he kamata mai ko ia e ngaahi ʻohofi fakakautau ʻa e faʻahi Allied. ʻI he ngaahi māhina hono hokó ne kau mai ha ngaahi feituʻu foʻou ki he taú ʻa ia ko ʻAfilika, ʻĒsia, Hahake Lotolotó, pea mo e Pasifikí. Ne kau atu ha kau sōtia Siasi ʻi Sune 1940, ki he fetukutuku mei Tanikeiki ʻi he Fakatokelau ʻo Falaniseé, pea ʻi ai e niʻihi ne maʻu pōpula mo tamateʻi. Ne kau ha kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ki he taú mei he ongo faʻahí fakatouʻosi ʻo nau foua e hoko ko ha kau pōpula ʻo e taú.⁷

Ne ʻohofi ʻe he ʻEmipaea ʻo Siapaní ʻa e vaʻa fakakautau ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he Taulanga Mataʻitofé ʻi Hauaiʻí ʻi he ʻaho 7 ʻo Tīsema 1941—ko ha ʻohofi fakatuʻupakē pea tala tau ai pē ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteiti, ʻa ia ne fakafuofua ko e peseti ʻe 90 e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne nau nofo ai he taimi ko iá.⁸ ʻI he 1942 ne taʻofi fakataimi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí hono ui ke ngāue fakafaifekau taimi kakato e kakai tangata mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa ia naʻe lava ke ui ki he sōtiá mo ngāue ke fakatokolahi e kau faifekau fakakautau ʻa e Siasí. Ne lauiafe ha Kāigalotu ne nau loto fiemālie ke ngāue fakakautau pea tufaki kinautolu ki māmani, ne tokolahi mo e niʻihi kehe ne ui ki he sōtiá, pea fakafepakiʻi ʻe ha niʻihi ʻa e ui ke ʻalu ki he taú he ko e tauʻatāina fakafoʻituitui pē ia.⁹

Ne maumau lahi e ngaahi ʻēlia ʻo ʻIulope ne fakatou puleʻi ʻe he faʻahi ʻa e Axis mo e Allied koeʻuhí ko e lahi ʻa e laku pomú. Ne fuʻu faingataʻa moʻoni e moʻui ʻi ʻapí—pea fehangahangai maʻu pē e Kāingalotu ne ʻikai kau he taú mo e ngaahi fakamanamana fakaesinó mo e nounou fakameʻatokoní. Ne faingataʻaʻia e ngaahi haʻofanga lotu fakalotofonuá ki hono fakakakato e fatongia ʻo kinautolu kuo ui ki he taú. Neongo e fakamamahí mo e ʻikai loko ʻi ai ha tokoni mei he Kāingalotu kehé, ka naʻe kei hokohoko atu pē ʻe he kāingalotu ʻIulopé hono fakahoko e fakatahá, fakahoko e ngaahi konifelenisí, mo fakahoko ha tokoní. Ne hoko e kau tangata mo fafine he Siasí ʻi he misioná, ko ha kau faifekau tokolahi ange ʻo tokoni ki hono tokangaʻi e ngaahi haʻofanga lotú mo hono fakamafola atu e pōpoaki ʻo e ongoongoleleí.¹⁰

ʻOku faʻa ʻiloa ʻaki e Tau Lahi ʻa Māmani Hono II hono fakamamahiʻi lahi e kakai ne ʻikai ke kau he taú mo e kau pōpulá lolotoga e taimi taú.¹¹ Ne tataki e Paati ʻa e Kau Ngāue Fakafonua ʻa Siamane he Faʻahi Sosiolisi (pe Paati ʻa e Kau Nasí), ʻe he Taki ʻo Siamané ko ʻAtolofi Hitilā, ʻo poupouʻi e fakapōpulá mo e fakaʻauhá ʻoku faʻa ʻiloa ko hono FakapoongiTamateʻiFakatokolahi ʻo e Kau Siú, pe Shoah, ʻo tamateʻi ai ha kau Siu ʻe toko ono miliona mo ha ngaahi kulupu kehe ne tāketiʻi ʻo kau ai e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová, Sinitī, Loma, kakai tangata ʻoku manako tangatá, kakai faingataʻaʻia fakaesinó, mo e kau fakafepaki fakapolitikalé.¹² Ne ʻikai fakangatangata ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakalilifu ʻo e taú ki he Fakapoongi Fakatokolahi ʻo e kau Siú (Holocaust), he ne fakamoʻulaloaʻi ʻe ha ngaahi puleʻanga fakakautau kehe ʻa e kau sōtia mo e kau siviliane ne nau puke fakapōpulaʻí ki he fakamamahí, fakatotolo fakasaienisi ʻi he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, fiekaiá, mo e fakapoó. Ne tokolahi ha houʻeiki fafine ne pāʻusiʻi fakasekisuale.¹³ Ne tāketiʻi ʻe he kau sōtiá he taimi taú e kau siviliane mei he faʻahi kotoa pē ke fakailifiaʻi mo taʻofi ʻenau fakafepakí.¹⁴ Ne tauteaʻi ʻe he Fakamaauʻanga Fakakautau Fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ne fokotuʻu ʻe Pilitānia, Falanisē, Puleʻanga Fakatahataha ʻo Lūsiá, mo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1945 ha kau ngāue mei he Nasí ki he ngaahi hia fakakautau ʻi Nulemipeeki, Siamane. Hili ha taʻu ʻe taha mei ai, ne kamata hono hopoʻi ʻe he Fakamaauʻanga Fakakautau Fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻo Hahake Mamaʻó e ngaahi hia fakakautau ne tukuakiʻi ki he kau Siapaní.¹⁵

Ne hoko hono fakatauʻatāinaʻi e konga lahi ʻo ʻIulope mei hono puleʻi ʻe Siamané ʻi he 1944–45 ke mole ai ha ngaahi ʻapi ʻo ha kakai ʻe laui miliona pea toe tāpuni mo e ngaahi kauʻāfonua fakavahaʻapuleʻangá. Ne fakahoko ʻe he tekinolosia mo e ngaahi meʻatau foʻoú ha fuʻu fakaʻauha lahi. Ne kau he ngaahi meʻa fakamamahi ʻo e taú ʻa hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ʻIunaiteti Siteití e mahafu ʻātomi fakaʻauhá ʻi ha ongo kolo ʻi Siapani. Ne uesia foki mo e ngaahi fonua ne ʻikai ke kau he taú, pea naʻe laulau taʻu e fakaakeake fakaʻekonōmika fakaemāmani lahí. Neongo ne ʻosi e taú, ka ne kei hokohoko atu pē e faingataʻaʻia ha kakai ʻe lauimiliona ne nau hao moʻui mei he ngaahi feituʻu ne fai ki ai e taú mei he mole ʻa e nofoʻangá, kafo lalahi, pea taimi ʻe niʻihi ko e ʻikai ke maʻu ha ngāué.

Hili e taú, ne lipooti mai ʻe he Kōmiti ʻa e Siasí ki he Vaʻa Fakakautaú ne meimei aʻu ki he kau sōtia Siasi ʻe toko 6,000 ne mate, kafo, pe fakahā kuo mole he taú. Ne mālōlō ha Kāingalotu Siamane mo ʻAositulia ʻe toko 1,300 tupu mei he fepaki fakakautau ko ʻení.¹⁶ ʻI he fakahinohino ʻa ʻEletā ʻEselā Tafu Penisoni ʻo e ʻaho ko iá, ne fakahoko ai ʻe he Siasí ha tokoni ki he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi ʻIulopé hili ha ngaahi taʻu mei he ʻosi ʻa e taú.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

James Perry, “Arthur Willmott of the Dunkirk Rear Guard,” https://uk.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/arthur-willmott-and-the-dunkirk-rear-guard.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Richard Bosworth, John Ferris, Michael Geyer, Joseph Maiolo, Evan Mawdsley, and Adam Tooze, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

Evan Mawdsley, World War II: A New History, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021).

James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard, “The Church and World War II, 1939–1950,” chapter 18 in The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992), 535–53.

Robert C. Freeman and Dennis A. Wright, Saints at War: Experiences of Latter-day Saints in World War II (American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 2001).

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: World War I, Servicemember Branches, Helmuth Hübener

1. Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 3, 894.

2. ʻI he John Ferris and Evan Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 1:4; John A. Vasquez, “The Causes of the Second World War in Europe: A New Scientific Explanation,” International Political Science Review, vol. 17, no. 2 (Apr. 1996), 164–71.

3. ʻI he Ferris and Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 1:22.

4. ʻI he Ferris and Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 1:25–26.

5. Evan Mawdsley, World War II: A New History, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 79; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 888–93.

6. Gilbert W. Scharffs, Mormonism in Germany: A History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany between 1840 and 1970 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1970), 91–93.

7. James Perry, “Arthur Willmott of the Dunkirk Rear Guard,” uk.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/arthur-willmott-and-the-dunkirk-rear-guard; Colleen Whitley, “Prisoners of War: Minutes of Meetings of Latter-day Saint Servicemen Held in Stalag Luft 1, Barth, Germany,” BYU Studies, vol. 37, no. 1 (1997), 206–17; Elizabeth Maki, “‘Out of Captivity’: German Prisoner of War Finds Home in British Branch,” Pioneers in Every Land, history.churchofjesuschrist.org/content/pioneers-in-every-land/out-of-captivity; Hermann Mossner, “Mormon Pioneers in Southern Germany,” in Bruce A. Van Orden, D. Brent Smith, and Everett Smith Jr., eds., Pioneers in Every Land (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1997), 74–85.

8. Ne lipooti ʻe he Siasí ʻi he 1941 ne fakafuofua ki he peseti ʻe 82 e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí naʻa nau nofo ʻi he ngaahi siteikí, ʻa ia ne fokotuʻu kotoa ia ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití he taimi ko iá; vakai, “Statistical Report,” ʻi he Conference Report, Apr. 1941, 11. Ne laka hake ʻi he peseti ʻe 90 ʻo e kāingalotú ne nofo ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1950; vakai, Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), s.v., “The Church in 1950.”

9. Patrick Q. Mason, “‘When I Think of War I Am Sick at Heart’: Latter Day Saint Nonparticipation in World War I,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 45, no. 2 (Apr. 2019), 6–8.

10. Thomas E. McKay, “Report of Conditions in the European Missions,” ʻi he Conference Report, Apr. 1941, 12–13; Thomas E. McKay, Remarks, Oct. 3, 1941, ʻi he Conference Report, Oct. 1941, 44–47.

11. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (London: Vintage Books, 2011), x.

12. Laurence Rees, The Holocaust: A New History (New York: PublicAffairs, 2017), 120–28; Aristotle Kallis, Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe (New York: Routledge, 2009), 198–200; Heather Panter, “LGBT+ Genocide: Understanding Hetero-nationalism and the Politics of Psychological Silence,” ʻi he Yarin Eski, ed., Genocide and Victimology (New York: Routledge, 2021), 72–74.

13. Jeffrey Burds, “Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939–1945,” Politics and Society, vol. 37, no. 1 (2009), 35–73; Sabine Frühstück, “Sexuality and Sexual Violence,” chapter 15 in Michael Geyer and Adam Tooze, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 3:422–46.

14. Alexander B. Downes, Targeting Civilians in War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008), 115–55.

15. Mark Philip Bradley, “Making Peace as a Project of Moral Reconstruction,” ʻi he Geyer and Tooze, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 3:540–44; “Postwar Trials,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/war-crimes-trials.

16. Roger P. Minert, “German and Austrian Latter-day Saints in World War II: An Analysis of the Casualties and Losses,” Mormon Historical Studies, vol. 11, no. 2 (2010), 9; vakai foki, Sarah Jane Weaver, “World War II: Preserving History of LDS in Conflict,” Church News, Sune 2, 2000, https://thechurchnews.com/archives/2000-05-27/world-war-ii-preserving-history-of-lds-in-conflict-118922.