Halanga Paioniá

ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 1847, ko e taimi ne fuofua hū ai e kau paioniá ki he Teleʻa Sōlekí, mo e 1868, ko e taimi ne mei ʻosi ai hono langa ʻo e halanga lēlue fakakonitinenití, naʻe feʻunga mo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻe toko 60,000 ki he 70,000 ne nau hikifonua mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, Kānata, mo ʻIulope ʻo kolosi ʻi he Ngaahi Fonua Tokalelei ʻo ʻAmelika Tokelaú ki ʻIutā mo e ngaahi feituʻu takatakai ʻi aí.¹ Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau hikifonuá ne nau fononga ʻi ha ʻū saliote toho pe ngaahi kulupu saliote toho tangata ʻo fou ʻi ha ngaahi halanga ne faʻa lau māhina ke kolosi ai. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he ngaahi lekooti ʻo kinautolu ne nau ngaohi ʻa e halanga ko ʻení ʻa ʻenau ngaahi aʻusia kehekehé, ʻa ia ne kau ai e ngaahi taimi ʻo e toʻumahaki, fakatuʻutāmaki, loto-toʻa, mo e ngaahi mana, kae lahi taha pē ki he ngaahi taimi ne hoko ai ha ngaahi meʻa taʻeʻamanekina ʻi heʻenau fonongá pea mo e ngaahi mātanga fakaʻofoʻofa ʻi tuʻá.

Kulupu paionia ʻi Teleʻa ʻEkó

Ko ha kulupu paionia ʻoku nau fononga hifo ʻi he Teleʻa ʻEkó ʻi he 1860 tupú.

Naʻe fakatatau ʻe ha fakahā naʻe fai kia Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻi he 1847 ʻa e fononga ko ʻení ki he fononga fakatokolahi ʻi he Tohi Tapú: “Ko au ia naʻá ku taki e fānau ʻa ʻIsilelí mei he fonua ko ʻIsipité,” naʻe folofola ʻa e ʻEikí, “ pea kuo mafao ʻa hoku nimá ʻi he ngaahi ʻaho fakaʻosí ke fakahaofi ʻa hoku kakai ko ʻIsilelí.”² Naʻá ne fekauʻi e Kāingalotú ke nau fokotuʻutuʻu ha ngaahi kulupu pea nau fetauhiʻaki, tautautefito ki he masivá, uitoú, mo e paeá. Ne ngāue ʻaki ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e kau taki kehe ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi founga kehekehe ke tali ʻaki e ui ko ʻeni ke tokoni ki he Kāingalotu kotoa pē ke nau aʻu ki Saione pea ʻoua naʻa liʻaki ha taha. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 1847 mo e 1861, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau hikifonuá ne nau fononga lalo ʻi ha ʻū saliote, mo ha niʻihi ne nau fononga ʻi he saliote toho tangata, ʻo nau faʻa tokoniʻi honau kaungāfonongá ʻi he fakaofi ki he kauʻāfonua ʻoku ʻiloa he ʻahó ni ko Nepulasikā mo ʻAiouaá.³ Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻa e Kautaha Paʻanga Tokoni Hikifonua Tuʻu Maʻú ʻi he 1849 ke tokoni fakapaʻanga ki he Kāingalotu ne ʻikai ke nau lava ʻo totongi e fonongá. Hili ʻenau maʻu honau ngaahi nofoʻangá, ne fie maʻu leva ke nau totongi fakafoki ki he kautahá kae lava ke maʻu ʻe he niʻihi kehé ʻa e tokoni tatau.⁴ ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 1861 mo hono fakakakato ʻo e halanga lēlue fakakonitinēnití ʻi he 1869, ne fakangofua ʻe he founga “ʻalu-mo e-fokí” ʻa e kau hikifonuá mo e kau faifekaú ke nau fetuku ʻa e ʻū naunaú ʻi he ʻū salioté ʻo fefokiʻaki ʻi he halangá ki he ongo tafaʻakí fakatouʻosi, ʻa ia ne holo lahi ai e fakamole ki hono fakanaunaú.⁵

Ki he tokolahi taha ʻo e kau hikifonua ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, ne hoko ʻa e fononga lalo ʻi he maile ʻe 1,000 (kilomita ʻe 1,600) naí ko e konga fakaʻosi ia ʻo ha halanga ne toe lōloa ange. Naʻe lauiafe ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻIulope ne nau kolosi he ʻAtalanitikí ʻi ha vaka, ko e lahi tahá mei Livapulu ki Niu ʻOlini, pea heka vaka hake leva he ongo Vaitafe Misisipí mo Mīsuli ki he feituʻu fakahekehekaʻangá ʻi he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momoko lahi angé mo e ʻēlia Kanesivilí. Ne folau ha ʻū vaka ʻe niʻihi, hangē ko e Brooklyn ʻi he 1846, ʻo takaiʻi e konga lahi taha ʻo e tafaʻaki fakatonga ʻo ʻAmelika Tongá pea folau hake he ʻŌseni Pasifikí ki Kalefōnia.⁶ Ne fononga ha niʻihi kehe ʻi ha ngaahi halanga kehe ki he Teleʻa Sōlekí mei Kalefōnia, fakatonga-hahake ʻo Tekisisí, mo e fakahihifo ʻo Mīsulí.

Ko e ʻuluaki kulupu fononga laló, naʻe ui ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi ko e “kulupu paioniá” (ne ui kimui ko e “ʻuluaki kulupu paioniá”), ne nau fononga mei he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó ʻi ʻEpeleli ʻo e 1847 ʻo muimui ʻi he Halanga ʻOlikoní, ko ha halanga ne ʻuluaki fokotuʻu ʻe he kau fononga kehe ʻo e kauʻāfonuá. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo ʻAiouaá mo e fakahihifo ʻo Uaiomingí, ne muimui kotoa ʻa e Halanga ʻOlikoní, ko e Halanga Māmongá (ʻa ia ne ʻiloa ko e halanga ʻa e Kāingalotú ki ʻIutaá), pea kimui angé ko e Halanga Kalefōniá ʻi he foʻi halanga tatau. ʻI he konga fakaʻosi ʻo e fononga ʻa e kau paionia ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, naʻe mavahe ʻa e Halanga Māmongá pea huʻu fakatonga-hihifo mei Footi Pilitisa (ko Uaiomingi ʻi he ʻaho ní) ʻo ʻalu ki Sōleki Siti. Naʻe ngāue ʻaki ʻe he kau hikifonua ʻe lauikilu tupu, kau ai e konga lahi ʻo e Kāingalotu ne fakatahataha maí, ʻa e halanga ko ʻení mei he 1843 ʻo aʻu ki he 1868, ko e taimi ia ne kamata ke fehokotaki ai ʻe he Kautaha Halanga Lēlue ʻa e Pasifikí ʻa e konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi nofoʻanga mamaʻo ʻo e Halanga ʻOlikoní.⁷

Naʻe tataki ʻe he fanga kiʻi tohi fakahinohino ki he halangá ne ʻosi pulusí, ne kau ai ha ʻū mape mo e ngaahi fakamatala ki he faʻunga ʻo e fonuá, ʻa e ngaahi kulupu paioniá ki he ngaahi halanga ko ʻení. Ko e konga lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi kulupú ne nau fetaulaki ʻi he halangá mo ha ngaahi kulupu kehe pea ne nau faʻa fononga ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha ʻo e ngaahi vaitafé ke fehangahangai mo e ngaahi kulupu kehé ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he feʻauʻauhi ki he vaí, ʻapitanga kemí, mo e kumi meʻakaí. Naʻe mafola atu e fononga ʻa e kau fonongá ke fakapapauʻi ʻe maʻu haʻanau meʻakai maʻa ʻenau fanga monumanú pea ne nau faʻa fekumi ki ha ngaahi hala tutuʻu, ʻo fakatupu ai ha halanga fālahi mo lōloa ange kae ʻikai ke kei laine fāsiʻi ʻa e halangá. ʻI he ʻiloʻi ʻe he Kāingalotú ne nau kolosi ʻi he ngaahi fonua tupuʻanga ʻo e kau ʻInitia Kulá, ne nau tokanga telia e ngaahi meʻa te nau fepaki mo iá ka naʻe vave pē ʻenau ʻiloʻi ne faʻa tokoni e kau ʻInitiá ka naʻe ʻikai ke nau fakamanamanaʻi ʻenau fonongá. Neongo ne ʻi ai e ngaahi taimi ʻe niʻihi ne puke ʻe he Kau ʻInitiá e fanga hōsí mo tutu e toafa musié ke afeʻi e pulu kaivaó mei he ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne nau tuli manú, ka naʻa nau faʻa talitali leleiʻi ʻa e kakaí pea nau fie teke he taimi ʻe niʻihi e ʻū saliote toho tangatá pe tokoni ki he kau hikifonuá ke kolosi ʻi he ngaahi vaitafé.⁸

Ko ha ʻaho angamaheni ʻi ha kulupu fononga saliote naʻe fonu ia ʻi he ʻekitivitī. Ne hiki ʻe ʻŌliva Hanitingitoni ʻi heʻene tohinoá ʻo pehē, “Ne teʻeki ke u mamata ʻi ha taimi femoʻuekina ange ka ko e fononga mo e ʻapitangá—naʻe tātātaha pē ke mole noa ha taimi.”⁹ Ko e meʻa angamaheni naʻe faí ko e tuʻu hake ʻa e kulupú ʻo lotu mo kai pongipongi, pea nau fakatahatahaʻi mai ʻa e fanga monumanú mei heʻenau kumi meʻatokoni ʻi he efiafí, nonoʻo e fanga manú ki he ʻū salioté, pea taki e ʻū salioté ʻi he halangá, ne fakaʻavalisi ki he maile ʻe 15 ki he 20 (kilomita ʻe 24 ki he 32) ʻa e mamaʻo ʻo fonongá ʻi he taimi ʻalomālié. Naʻe taufetongi ʻa e kau tangatá mo e fānau tangatá ʻi hono taki ha takanga monumanu ʻi mui ʻi he fononga salioté mo leʻohi e kaikai ʻa e fanga monumanú. ʻI he mālōlō ʻa e kulupú he efiafí, ne nau vete e fanga pulú pea nau tānaki ha fefie ki he feimeʻatokoní.¹⁰ Naʻe fiefia ʻa e kau fonongá he lautohí, tā fasí, hulohulá, mo e fakatahataha mai ki ha ngaahi fakatahá. Ne tātātaha ke nau mālōlō fuoloa, ne toki faʻa pehē pē ʻi ha ʻalotāmaki, maʻu e sākalamēnití, pe ko e ʻaho Sāpaté.

Ko ha aʻusia fakangalongataʻa ia kiate kinautolu naʻa nau fai e fononga faingataʻá ʻa ʻenau hū atu ki he Teleʻa Sōlekí. Ne tohi ʻe ʻAna ʻAkata Uoka Pālati ʻo pehē, “He ʻikai teitei ngalo ʻiate au ʻa e ʻaho fakaʻosi ne mau fononga ai, pea mau tūʻuta ki he Teleʻá. ʻOi! ne u ongo ʻaupito ki hoku lotó, ne u mei lava pē ke kata mo tangi, ko ha fefiohi ʻo ha ngaahi ongo kehekehe ne ʻikai ke u faʻa mafakamatalaʻi.”¹¹ ʻI he fakaʻau ke maau ange hono nofoʻi ʻo e teleʻá, ne tokolahi taha ʻo kinautolu ne tūʻuta foʻou maí ne nau maʻu ha nofoʻanga fakataimi mei he Kāingalotu ne tomuʻa nofo aí kae ʻoua kuo nau maʻu haʻanau ʻapi foʻou pē moʻonautolu ʻi Saione.¹²

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel: 1847–1868,” history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

“Saints at Devil’s Gate: Landscapes along the Mormon Trail,” online exhibit, Church History Museum, history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

Gordon B. Hinckley, Thomas S. Monson, and James E. Faust, “Faith in Every Footstep: The Epic Pioneer Journey (Video Presentation),” general conference, Apr. 1997, conference.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

Ensign, July 1997.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Melvin L. Bashore, “‘Where the Prophets of God Live’: A Brief Overview of the Mormon Trail Experience,” Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846–1869, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, overlandtrails.lib.byu.edu/essay_mtrail.php.

Wayne L. Wahlquist, “Pioneer Trails: 1847–1869,” in Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 80–83.

Richard E. Bennett, We’ll Find the Place: The Mormon Exodus, 1846–1848 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1997).

William G. Hartley, “Brigham Young’s Overland Trails Revolution: The Creation of the ‘Down-and-Back’ Wagon-Train System, 1860–61,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 28, no. 1 (2002), 1–30.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Hikifonua Maí, Teleʻa Sōlekí, Kulupu Saliote Toho Tangata

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Vakai ki he, “About Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel,” Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel Database, history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org; William G. Hartley, “Brigham Young’s Overland Trails Revolution: The Creation of the ‘Down-and-Back’ Wagon-Train System, 1860–61,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 28, no. 1 (2002), 2.

2. Brigham Young, “The Word and Will of the Lord Concerning the Camp of Israel in Their Journeyings to the West [D&C 136],” in Revelations Collection, Circa 1829–1876, Jan. 7, 1847, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

3. Vakai foki ki he Tefito: Kulupu Saliote Toho Tangata.

4. Vakai ki he Tefito: Hikifonua Maí.

5. William G. Hartley, “Brigham Young’s Overland Trails Revolution: The Creation of the ‘Down-and-Back’ Wagon-Train System, 1860–61,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 28, no. 1 (2002), 1–30.

6. Vakai ki he Tefito: Samuela Puleineni.

7. Vakai ki he Wayne L. Wahlquist, “Pioneer Trails: 1847–1869,” in Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 80–83.

8. Vakai ki he John D. Unruh Jr., The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 326–27; William Ajax journal, vol. 2, Aug. 21–22, 1862, 144–45, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; Heber C. Kimball journal, 21 Apr. 1847.

9. Oliver Boardman Huntington journal, vol. 9, Jun. 26, 1848, 110, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

10. Vakai ki he Huntington journal, vol. 9, Jun. 26, 1848, 110.

11. Ann Agatha Walker Pratt, reminiscence, ca. 1893, in Quotations by Mormon Pioneers from Saints at Devil’s Gate: Landscapes along the Mormon Trail (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 19.

12. Vakaiʻi e Ngaahi Tefito: Ngaahi Nofoʻanga ʻo e Kau Paioniá, Saione/Selusalema Foʻou.