ʻIutā

ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e 1840 tupú lolotonga e teuteu ʻa e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ke mavahe mei Nāvū, ʻIlinoisí, naʻa nau fakakaukau ki ha ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe te nau ala hiki ki ai. Ko e feituʻu ne ngali lelei taha kia Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e kau taki ʻo e Siasí, ko ha feituʻu ʻi he Feituʻu Tokalelei Lahí ʻo takatakai ʻi he Ano Māsima Lahí ʻi ha maile ʻe 1,000 tupu (kilomita ʻe 1,700) ki he hihifó.¹ Ne fakahaaʻi ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻi Sānuali ʻo e 1846 ko e ngaahi lea ʻa e kau palōfita ʻo e kuonga muʻá “ʻe ʻikai teitei hoko kae ʻoua kuo fokotuʻu maʻu ʻa e Fale ʻo e ʻEikí ʻi he Tumutumu ʻo e Ngaahi Moʻungá,” ʻo aofangatuku ai, “ʻoku ou ʻiloʻi e feituʻu ko iá.”² ʻI heʻenau tūʻuta ʻi he Teleʻa Sōlekí, ne fakapapauʻi ai ʻe Uilifooti Utalafi ko ha “fonua ia ʻo e talaʻofá ne tuku fakatatali ʻe he toʻukupu ʻo e ʻOtuá ko ha mālōlōʻanga maʻá e Kau Māʻoniʻoní ʻa ia ʻe langa ai ha konga ʻo e Saione ʻo e ʻOtuá.”³ Ne ʻikai fuoloa kuo fokotuʻu ʻe he Kau Māʻoniʻoní ha siteiki ʻi he loto Teleʻa Sōlekí, mo ha ngaahi nofoʻanga iiki ange ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu takatakai aí. Naʻe hoko e feituʻu ko iá ko e fakaʻosinga ia ʻo e fonongá ki ha laumano ʻo e kau papi ului naʻa nau mavahe mei honau fonua tupuʻangá ke tānaki fakataha ki Saioné.⁴

Kimuʻa pea tūʻuta ki ai e kau ʻIulopé, ne nofoʻi e uhouhonga ʻo e vahefonua ʻIutaá ʻe ha ngaahi komiunitī ʻe niʻihi ʻo e kakai Uinitá, Timipanokotí, Senipití, Pāvanití, mo e Moananí. Ne ui ʻe he ngaahi kulupu ko ʻení hono fakatahaʻi kinautolú ko e Nuche (“ko e Kakaí”), pea naʻa nau nofo fakafāmili mo fakakulupu ʻo lau senituli pea hokohoko atu e mafola ʻenau tulimanú, tānakí, mo e toutai fakafonuá.⁵ Ne fuoloa pē ʻo aʻu ki he 1600 tupú hono ui ʻe he kau faifekau Sipeiní e ngaahi kulupu Nuche ko e kau “Yutas,” neongo ʻoku ʻikai mahino e makatuʻunga ʻo e hingoá. ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e 1800 tupu, ne fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he kau lea faka-Pilitāniá e foʻi lea faka-Sipeiní ko e “ʻUtoasi,” “ʻIutasi,” “ʻIutoa,” “ʻIutaasi,” “ʻIutesi,” mo e “ʻIutani.”⁶ Ne fakaʻaongaʻi ai ʻe he kau maʻu mafai fakapuleʻanga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e “ʻIutā” ʻi hono fakahingoa e vahefonuá he 1850, ʻo hangē ko e ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku pehē ne tupu honau hingoá mei he Kakai Tuʻufonua ʻo ʻAmeliká.⁷

Hili e talite ʻo e 1848 ne fakangata ai e Tau ʻa Mekisikou mo ʻAmeliká, ne kamataʻi ai ʻe he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ha faʻunga ke puleʻi fakapuleʻanga e ngaahi vahefonua foʻou ne tukuange ʻe Mekisikou ki he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Ne fakangofua ʻe he founga ngāue ʻo hono faʻu ha ngaahi lepupelika pe puleʻanga fakataimí e kakai fakalotofonua ne lea faka-Pilitāniá (ʻi hano fakangofua ʻe he Falealeá) ke nau faʻu ha konisitūtone, tā ha ngaahi fakangatangata fakapuleʻanga maʻá e ngaahi vahefonuá, vāhengá, mo e koló; pea fokotuʻu ha kau kōvana, kau faʻu lao, kau fakamaau, mo e kau maʻu mafai kehe.⁸

Ne fakapaasi ai ʻe he Kau Mā‘oni‘oni ‘i he Ngaahi ‘Aho Kimui Ní ha konisitūtone ʻi he 1849 ʻa ia ne nau maʻu ai ha ʻēlia lahi ko e Siteiti fakataimi ia ʻo Teseletí. Ne fakahingoa ia ki ha foʻi lea ʻi he Tohi ʻa Molomoná ʻa ia ne ʻuhinga ko e hone, pea aʻu atu e mamaʻo fakatokelau ʻo Teseletí ki ha konga ʻo e Vahefonua ʻOlikoní, pea mamaʻo fakatonga ʻo aʻu ki Seni Tieko, Kalefōnia, pea aʻu fakahahake ki Kololato.⁹ Naʻe ngāue e puleʻanga Teseletí ki ha lao, kau komisiona fakavahefonua, mo ha ngaahi fakamaauʻanga, ʻi ha taʻu ʻe taha mo e konga siʻi pē kimuʻa pea toki fokotuʻu ʻe he Fale Aleá e Vahefonua ʻIutaá ko ha konga ʻo e Felotoi ʻo e 1850. Ne fetongi ʻe he vahefonua foʻoú e Siteiti fakataimi ʻo Teseletí, neongo ne fakasiʻisiʻi tuʻo ono ʻe he puleʻanga fakafonuá e ngaahi fakangatangata ʻo e Vahefonua ʻIutaá ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1850 mo e 1868, ʻo iku ai ki he tuʻunga lahi lolotonga ʻo ʻIutaá. Ne hokohoko atu e faʻa lave ʻa e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ki honau vahefonuá ko e “Teseletí,” ko ha hingoa ne ʻikai fakamafaiʻi ʻe he kau taki fakapuleʻangá ke fakaʻaongaʻi.¹⁰

ʻI he hoko ʻa ʻIutā ko ha vahefonua fakapuleʻangá, ne puleʻi ai ia ʻe he kau maʻu mafai ne fili ʻe he puleʻanga ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe lava ke fakangofua ʻe he Siteití ke fai ha fili fakalotofonua ke fokotuʻu ha kau maʻu lakanga mo ʻoatu ha Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻi ʻIutā ko ha kau fakafofonga ‘i he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití.

Naʻe fakahoko ha ngaahi fakataha lao fakavahefonua ʻi he 1856, 1862, 1867, 1872 mo e 1882 ke tangi ki he Fale Aleá ke fakahū atu ʻa Teseleti (‘Iutā ʻi he 1882) ko ha siteiti ʻi he ʻIunioní. Ne ʻikai tali ʻe he Fale Aleá e tohi tangi takitaha, ʻo toʻo pau hake e mali tokolahí ko ha ʻuhinga ia ʻo hono fakafisingaʻí. Hili ha taʻu ʻe fā mei he Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi ʻa Uilifooti Utalafí, ʻa ia ne iku ai ki hono fakangata ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻi he Siasí, ne fakapaasi ai ʻe he Fale Aleá e Lao Fakangofua ʻo ʻIutaá, ʻo fakangofua ai e kakai ʻo ʻIutaá ke nau fokotuʻu ha puleaʻanga fakasiteiti mo ha konisitūtone.¹¹ Ne tali ʻe he kau filí e konisitūtone ʻa e siteití hili ha taʻu ʻe taha, pea ʻi Sānuali ʻo e 1896, ne fakahaaʻi ai ʻe he palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ko Kolova Kilivileni, ʻa ʻIutā ko ha siteiti tuʻunga tatau ʻi he ʻIunioní.

Lolotonga iá, ne hokohoko atu e tānaki fakataha ʻa e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ki ʻIutā mo e ngaahi vahefonua takatakai aí. Ne ʻomi ʻe he tānaki fakataha ko ʻení ha kakai mo e ngaahi ʻulungaanga foʻou ki he vahefonuá, pea ne liliu ʻe he ʻātakai foʻoú e tōʻonga moʻui ʻa e niʻihi naʻa nau hiki maí.¹² ʻI he tupulaki ʻa e nofó, ne fakalakalaka ʻa e fakahihifo ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, pea naʻe tuʻu e hetikuota ʻo e Siasí ʻi ha fetaulakiʻanga mahuʻinga ʻo e fefakatauʻakí, ngāueʻangá, mo e fehikitakí.¹³

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Utah—Church History Sites,” Media Library, ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Brandon S. Plewe, “Deseret and Utah Territory,” ʻi he Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History, 2nd ed. (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 92–93.

Thomas G. Alexander, Utah: The Right Place, 2nd rev. ed. (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2003).

Brent M. Rogers, Unpopular Sovereignty: Mormons and the Federal Management of Early Utah Territory (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017).

Edward Leo Lyman, Political Deliverance: The Mormon Quest for Utah Statehood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986).

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

1. Vakai, Matthew J. Grow, Ronald K. Esplin, Mark Ashurst-McGee, Gerrit J. Dirkmaat, and Jeffrey D. Mahas, eds., Council of Fifty, Minutes, March 1844–January 1846, first volume of the Administrative Records series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 464–65.

2. Vakai, Grow and others, eds., Council of Fifty, Minutes, March 1844–January 1846, 521–22.

3. Wilford Woodruff journal, July 24, 1847, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

4. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Ngaahi Nofoʻanga Paioniá; Ko Hono Tānaki ʻo ʻIsilelí; Emigration.

5. Vakai, Donald Callaway, Joel Janetski, Omer C. Stewart, “Ute,” ʻi he Warren L. d’Azevedo, ed., Great Basin, vol. 11 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1986), 336–67.

6. Ives Goddard, “Synonymy,” ʻi he Callaway and others, “Ute,” Great Basin, 364–65. Vakai foki ki he Tefitó: Kau ʻInitia Kulá.

7. Vakai, William Bright, Native American Placenames of the United States (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004).

8. Vakai, Brent M. Rogers, Unpopular Sovereignty: Mormons and the Federal Management of Early Utah Territory (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017), 20–21.

9. H. S. Tanner, A Map of the United States of Mexico (New York: H. S. Tanner, 1850); Brandon S. Plewe, “Deseret and Utah Territory,” ʻi he Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History, 2nd ed. (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 92–93.

10. Naʻe tohi ʻa ʻEtuate ʻEvaleti, ʻa ia ko ha fakafofonga fale alea ʻi he kahaʻú, ki he Sea ʻo e Fale Aleá, Lōpeti Uinifilopa, ʻo kole ha “ngaahi foʻi lea lahi ʻoku ongo lelei ʻi he lea faka-ʻInitia Kulá” ke fakahingoa ʻaki e vahefonuá “kae ʻoua ʻe fakaʻaongaʻi e foʻi fakangalingali fakamamahi ko ʻeni” ʻo e Teseletí (Edward Everett letter to Robert C. Winthrop, Dec. 1, 1849, Edward Everett Letters, Za Letter File, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University; Robert C. Winthrop letter to Edward Everett, Dec. 11, 1849, Edward Everett Papers, 1675–1910, Microfilm Edition, Massachusetts Historical Society). Ne fuofua fakaʻaongaʻi taufetongi pē ʻe he kau fakafofonga fale aleá ʻa e ʻIutā mo e Teseleti, ka ʻi loto pē ʻi ha ngaahi māhina siʻi, ne nau taʻofi fakalongolongo pē hono fakaʻaongaʻi e foʻi lea Teseletí (The Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st session, 94, 99–100, 166–68, 211–13; 32nd Congress, 1st session, 1413–16).

11. Vakai ki he Tefitó: Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí.

12. Vakai ki he Ongo Tefitó: Emigration; Ko Hono Tānaki ʻo ʻIsilelí.

13. Vakai ki he Ongo Tefito: Halanga Lēlué; Cooperative Movement.