Kau Fafine Paioniá mo e Faitoʻó

Naʻe faʻa ngāue fakataha ʻa e kakai fefine ʻi he senituli 18 mo e 19 ke fai ha tokoni fakafaitoʻo. Naʻa nau faitoʻo ʻa e ngaahi fokoutua, mahaki, mo e lavea angamahení, tokoni ʻi he faifāʻelé, pea vahevahe ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo ne ngaohi pē ʻi ʻapí, ʻo kau ai ʻa e kilimí, huhuʻa melié, tií, faitoʻo pulusí mo e meʻa faitoʻo laveá.¹ ʻI he taimi ne teʻeki ke fuʻu ola lelei ai ʻa e faitoʻo fakaonopōní, naʻe tokolahi e kakai ne ʻikai ke nau falala ki he kau toketaá pea naʻa nau fakafalala ki he ngaahi faitoʻo ngaohi mei he ʻakaú pea mo ʻenau tuí.² Naʻe fakatupu ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí kimuʻá ʻenau ngaahi founga pē ʻanautolu ki he moʻui leleí ʻi honau tukui koló ʻo hangē pē ko e kakai ʻAmelika ne moʻui he taimi ko iá, ʻo nau fefalalaʻaki ki he tokoni fakafaitoʻó mo e ngaahi tāpuakí mo e lotú.

ʻI Nāvuú, naʻe mahuʻingaʻia ʻa e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻi he potó, manavaʻofá, mo e tui ʻa e kau māʻulí hangē ko Peti Sēsini mo Sina Hanitingitoní. Naʻe vaheʻi ʻa e ongo fafine ko ʻení ke na hoko ko e ongo faifakamoʻui ke na tokangaʻi, tufa ʻa e faitoʻó, akoʻi e kau māʻuli kehé, pea fakahoko ha ngaahi tāpuaki faifakamoʻui.³ ʻI Siulai 1851, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kakai fefine ʻi ʻIutaá ʻa e Fakataha Alēlea ʻa e Kakai Fefiné ki he Moʻui Leleí. Naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he fakataha alēleá ʻa e māʻuli ko Fīpē ʻEnisolo, ko e faʻē ʻa e uaifi ʻo Pilikihami ʻIongi ko Mele ʻAna ʻEnisoló, ke ne hoko ko e fuofua palesitení, mo ha ongo māʻuli kehe ke na hoko ko hono ongo tokoni. Naʻe vahe ʻe he fakatahá ni ha fefine ʻi he ngaahi uooti ʻe 19 ʻo e fonuá ke ne “tokangaʻi ʻa e masivá.”⁴

ʻI he 1870 tupú, hili e fakalakalaka ʻa e ngāue fakafaitoʻó ʻi he ʻosi ʻa e Tau Fakalotofonuá pea ʻi he hili ʻa e kakato hono fakafehokotaki ʻe he halanga lēlué ʻa ʻIutā ki he toenga ʻo e fonuá, ne kamata ke fakakaukauʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi founga ʻe lava ke maʻu ai ʻe he Kāingalotú ha ako mataotao ange ʻi he fakahahake ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. ʻI he taimi ko ʻení, ne tupulaki e loto-falala ʻa Palesiteni Pilikihami ʻIongí ki he faitoʻo fakasaienisí pea naʻá ne feinga ke fakatahaʻi ia mo e fakamoʻui ʻaki ʻa e tuí.⁵ Naʻá ne hanga kia ʻIlisa R. Sinou mo e Kau Fineʻofá ke nau fakahoko ʻa hono akoʻi totonu ʻo e kakai fefiné ke nau hoko ko e kau toketā ki he sinó ʻi ha taimi ne ʻikai tokolahi ai ha kakai fefine ʻAmelika ne nau saiʻia ʻi he ngaahi faingamālie fakaako peheé.⁶ ʻI he 1873, ne kole ʻe Sinou ki he Kau Fineʻofa ʻo ʻOkiteni, ʻIutaá ke nau tokoni: “ʻOku ʻi ai nai ha kau fafine ʻi heni ʻoku nau loto-vilitaki feʻunga, pea ʻoku nau ʻiloʻi ʻa hono ʻaonga maʻa Saione ke nau fai ʻa e akó ni[?]”⁷

Tafaʻaki ki tuʻa ʻo e Falemahaki Teseletí

Falemahaki Teseletí ʻi Sōleki Siti, 1857–1900 nai.

Naʻe tali ʻe he kau fafiné ʻa e uí. ʻI he 1877 ne hoko ʻa Lomania Pālati ko e fuofua fefine Siasi ke ne ʻosi mei he akoʻanga fakafaitoʻó ʻi he taimi ne tokoni ai ʻa e fakakaukau ki he siemú ke hoko ai ʻa e kau toketā fakafaitoʻó ʻo lelei ange ʻi hono maluʻi mo tauʻi ʻa e mahakí.⁸ Ne ʻi ai mo ha kau fafine kehe ne nau muimui ʻi he tā sīpinga ʻa Lomaniá, ʻo nau foki ki ʻapi ʻi he hili ʻenau akó ke akoʻi ʻa e ngaahi kalasi ʻi he faifāʻelé mo e tokangaekina ʻo e fāmilí. Naʻe vaheʻi ʻi he founga totonu ʻa e kakai fefine hangē ko ʻEma Lilenikuisi ʻo Hailame, ʻIutaá ke nau hoko ko e kau māʻuli, pea naʻe totongi ʻe he Kau Fineʻofa fakalotofonuá ʻa e ngaahi fakamole ki honau akoʻí.⁹ ʻI he 1882, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he Kau Fineʻofá ʻa e Falemahaki Teseleti ʻi Sōleki Sití, ʻa ia ne lava ai ʻe he kau mahakí ke maʻu ʻa e faitoʻo mei he kau toketā taukei ki he sinó kae pehē foki ki he ngaahi tāpuaki ʻo e faifakamoʻuí.¹⁰ ʻI he hokohoko atu ke fakalakalaka ʻa e saienisi fakafaitoʻó, ne fakautuutu ʻa e feinga ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi ʻIutaá, hangē pē ko e kakai ʻAmelika ne moʻui he taimi ko iá, ke fekumi ki he tokoni fakafaitoʻo fakapalōfesinalé.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Eliza R. Snow, Discourse, August 14, 1873,” in Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 380–88.

“Emma Anderson Liljenquist, Reminiscences of 1887, in ‘The Story of My Life,’ circa 1948 (Excerpt),” ʻi he The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 530–34.

“Ha Ngāue Kāfakafa Moʻoni,” ʻi he Ngaahi ʻOfefine ʻi Hoku Puleʻangá: Ko e Hisitōlia mo e Ngāue ʻo e Fineʻofá (2011), 39–59.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha toe fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Susanna Morrill, “Relief Society Birth and Death Rituals: Women at the Gates of Mortality,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 36, no. 2 (Spring 2010), 128–59.

Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, “‘Eye to Eye in Faith and Scientific Knowledge’: Esther Romania Bunnell Pratt Penrose (1839–1932),” in Richard E. Turley Jr. and Brittany A. Chapman, eds., Women of Faith in the Latter Days: Volume Two, 1821–1845 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2012), 275–87.

Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997).

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Faifakamoʻuí, Fineʻofa, Ngaahi Ako ʻa e Siasí

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Vakai, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812 (New York: Random House, 1991), 11–12, 47, 61–66.

2. Vakai, Z[ebedee] Snow, ʻi he “Speeches Delivered at the Assembly of the Council of Health, on Ensign Peak,” Deseret News, July 24, 1852, vol. 2, no. 19; Christine Croft Waters, “Pioneering Physicians in Utah, 1847–1900” (master’s thesis, University of Utah, 1976), 14, 16.

3. Jonathan A. Stapley and Kristine Wright, “Female Ritual Healing in Mormonism,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 37, no. 1 (Winter 2011), 7–8 note 18, 14–15; Steven C. Dinger, “‘The Doctors in This Region Don’t Know Much’: Medicine and Obstetrics in Mormon Nauvoo,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 42, no. 4 (October 2016), 65–67; Carol Cornwall Madsen, “Faith and Community: Women of Nauvoo,” in Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Tate Jr., eds., Joseph Smith: The Prophet, The Man (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 1993), 232.

4. “Part 2: 1854–1866,” ʻi he Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 177–234. Vakai foki ki he Tefitó: Faifakamoʻuí; Phoebe M. Angell, “Seek to the Lord for Wisdom,” ʻi he Jennifer Reeder and Kate Holbrook, eds., At the Pulpit: 185 Years of Discourses by Latter-day Saint Women (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 27–28.

5. Vakai, Lester E. Bush Jr., Health and Medicine among the Latter-day Saints: Science, Sense, and Scripture (New York: Crossroad, 1993), 93–96. Vakai foki ki he Lou Mueller, “Divine Duty: Midwifery in Southeastern Utah at the Turn of the Century,” Blue Mountain Shadows, vol. 17 (Summer 1996), 51–62; Thomas W. Simpson, American Universities and the Birth of Modern Mormonism, 1867–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 11–25.

6. Vakai ki he Simpson, American Universities, 18–19. Vakai foki ki he Matthew J. Grow, “Liberty to the Downtrodden”: Thomas L. Kane, Romantic Reformer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 143–48.

7. “Eliza R. Snow, Discourse, August 14, 1873,” ʻi he The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 380–88.

8. Vakai ki he Jessie Del Macdonald Clawson, “Pioneer Physicians,” ʻi he Museum Memories, 9 vols. (Salt Lake City: International Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 2010), 2:67; Simpson, American Universities, 17; Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 8.

9. Vakai, Clawson, “Pioneer Physicians,” 49–96; “Emma Anderson Liljenquist, Reminiscences of 1887, ʻi he ‘The Story of My Life,’ circa 1948 (Excerpt),” ʻi he The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History; Simpson, American Universities, 18–23. Ki ha toe fakaikiiki ʻi he ngaahi kalasi fakafaitoʻó, vakai, “Report of Deseret Hospital Dedication, July 17, 1882,” ʻi he The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 497–506.

10. “Report of Deseret Hospital Dedication, July 17, 1882,” in The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 497–506; vakai foki ki he Tefitó: Faifakamoʻuí.