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科學家後來定論,這流感毒株是從「新H1N1A型流感病毒」而來;see Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Ann H. Reid, Amy E. Krafft, Karen E. Bijwaard, and Thomas G. Fanning, “Initial Genetic Characterization of the 1918 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Virus,” Science, vol. 275, no. 5307 (1997), 1793–96; see also Douglas Jordan with Terrence Tumpey and Barbara Jester, “The Deadliest Flu: The Complete Story of the Discovery and Reconstruction of the 1918 Pandemic Virus,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dec. 17, 2019, cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources。
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “History of 1918 Flu Pandemic,” Mar. 21, 2018, cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1918 Pandemic Influenza Historic Timeline,” Mar. 20, 2018, cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources; World Health Organization, Avian Influenza: Assessing the Pandemic Threat (2005), 25.由於當時在收集數據時,常常忽略原住民社區,因此這次疫情在全世界造成的死亡人數可能高達1億人;see Niall P. A. S. Johnson and Juergen Mueller, “Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Pandemic,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 76, no. 1 (2002), 105–15。
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John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History (New York: Viking, 2004), 393–94.
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Jeffery K. Taubenberger and David M. Morens, “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 12, no. 1 (2006), 15–22.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1918 Pandemic Influenza Historic Timeline,” cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources.
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Leonard J. Arrington, “The Influenza Epidemic of 1918–19 in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 2 (1990), 167–69.
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約瑟F.·斯密去世前的報導指出,他罹患的是老年人常見的慢性感染,抗生素當時仍未問世。約瑟F.·斯密的死亡證明指出主要的死因是支氣管肺炎,顯示他的主治醫生認為導致他衰竭的原因是先前的疾病,而不是流感引起的。See “Four Score Years Have Passed Over Head of Venerable Church President,” Deseret Evening News, Nov. 13, 1918, 1; Joseph Fielding Smith, Death Certificate, Utah State Department of Health, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Death Certificates Series 81448, https://archives.utah.gov/indexes/data/81448/2229752/2229752_0000939.jpg; “President Joseph F. Smith, Venerable Church Leader, Summoned by Death Following Illness of Several Months,” Deseret Evening News, Nov. 19, 1918, 1.
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“Passing Events,” Improvement Era, vol. 22, no. 1 (1918), 89.
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In Conference Report, June 1918, 74.
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Kenneth W. Baldridge, “Sauniatu, Western Samoa: A Special Purpose Village, 1904–34,” Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 87, no. 3 (1978), 165–92.
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James N. Lambert, Journals, 1916–1919, Nov. 4, 6, and 18, 1918, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.
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“The Makura,” Dominion, vol. 12, no. 58 (1918), 5; Lambert, Journals, Dec. 8, 1918; Florence H. Jensen, Journal, 1917 December–1918 December, Nov. 18–19, 1918, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.
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Arrington, 170–71, 181.
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Justin R. Bray, “The Lord’s Supper during the Progressive Era, 1890–1930,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 38, no. 4 (2012), 103–4.
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Martin C. J. Bootsma and Neil M. Ferguson, “The Effect of Public Health Measures on the 1918 Influena Pandemic in U.S. Cities,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 18 (2007), 7588–93.
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Arrington, 182; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1918 Pandemic Influenza Historic Timeline.”