Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
Vahe 16: Kuo Hiki ʻi he Langí


“Kuo Hiki ʻi he Langí,” vahe 16 ʻo e Kau Māʻoniʻoní: Ko e Talanoa ʻo e Siasi ʻo Sīsū Kalaisí ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní, Voliume 3, Laka Atu ʻi he Loto-Toʻa, Anga Fakaʻeiʻeiki, mo e Tauʻatāina, 1893–1955 (2021)

Vahe 16: “Kuo Hiki ʻi he Langí”

Vahe 16

Kuo Hiki ʻi he Langí

ʻĪmisi
ngaahi lauʻi ʻeikoni (acorn) mo e ʻoke

ʻI he taimi naʻe fakamatala ange ai ʻe he tuongaʻane ʻo ʻAna Kuliki ko ʻĒnesi Paipasitofá, kiate ia fekauʻaki mo hano ongo kaungāmeʻa Siasi ʻi he ngāué, naʻe fakautuutu ʻene fieʻiló. Naʻe fakamanatu ange ʻe he ngaahi tui naʻá na maʻú ha misi ʻa ʻene faʻeé ʻi Siamane, kimuʻa pea hiki ʻa ʻAna mo ʻĒnesi mo hona fāmilí ki Puenosi ʻAealesi, ʻĀsenitina, ʻi he konga kimuʻa ʻo e 1920 tupú.

Naʻe mamata ʻa Luʻisa Paipasitofa, ko ha fefine tui fakalotu moʻoni, ki ha feituʻu fakaʻofoʻofa ʻi heʻene misí. Neongo naʻe ʻikai fakangofua ia ke ne ʻalu ki ai, ka naʻe talaange kiate ia te ne aʻu ki ai ʻi ha ʻaho ʻo fakafou ʻi ha toko ua ʻo ʻene fānaú. ʻI he misi tatau pē, naʻá ne ʻilo ai ʻe haʻu ʻa e siasi moʻoní mei ʻAmelika.1

Naʻe kamata leva ke ʻalu ʻa ʻAna mo ʻĒnesi ki he ngaahi fakataha ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi Puenosi ʻAealesí mo e ongo kaungāmeʻa ʻo ʻĒnesí, ʻa ia ko hona hingoá ko Uilemā Feletiliki mo ʻĒmili Houpi.2 Hili e ngāue fakafaifekau nounou ʻa Paʻale Pālati ki Silei ʻi he 1851, naʻe fekauʻi atu ʻe he Siasí ha kau faifekau tokosiʻi ki Saute ʻAmelika pea naʻe ʻikai tali lelei kinautolu ʻi he konitinēniti ko iá. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe kau ʻa Uilemā, ʻĒmili mo hona fāmilí ki he Siasí ʻi Siamane pea ʻomi hono ngaahi akonakí ki Puenosi ʻAealesi ʻi he taimi ne nau hikifonua ai mo ha kau Siamane kehe ʻe lauiafe—kau ai e fāmili ʻo ʻAna mo ʻĒnesí—ki ʻĀsenitina ke hola mei he ngaahi taimi faingataʻa fakaʻekonōmika ne hoko ʻi he tau lahi fakamuimuitaha ʻa māmaní.3

ʻI he ngaahi ʻaho Sāpaté, naʻe fakataha e Kāingalotú ʻi ha kiʻi loki siʻisiʻi ʻi he ʻapi ʻo Uilemaá. Koeʻuhí naʻe ʻikai maʻu ʻe Uilemā pe ko ʻĒmili e mafai ʻo e lakanga fakataulaʻeikí ke tāpuakiʻi e sākalamēnití, naʻe hoko e ngaahi fakatahá ko ha taimi pau ki he ako folofolá mo e lotú. ʻI he ʻikai ke ʻi ai ha ʻōkaní, naʻe hivaʻi ʻe he kulupú ha ngaahi himi kae tā ʻe he foha ʻo Uilemaá ʻa e meniteliní. Naʻe fakataha foki e Kāingalotú ʻi he fitú ʻi he efiafi Tuʻapulelulú ke ako e Tohi Tapú ʻi he fale ʻo ʻĒmilí. ʻI he tupulaki ʻa e haʻofanga lotú, naʻe kamata ke fakahoko ʻe he kulupú ha lautohi Faka-Sāpate, ʻa ia naʻa nau ako ai mei ha tatau faka-Siamane ʻa Sēmisi E. Talamesi ʻo e Ngaahi Tefito ʻo e Tuí. Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo totongi vahehongofulu ʻa ʻAna, ʻa ia naʻe ʻave ʻe Uilemā ki he ʻuluʻi ʻōfisi ʻo e Siasí ʻi Sōleki Sití.

ʻI he vēkeveke ʻa Uilemā ke vahevahe e ongoongolelei kuo fakafoki maí, naʻá ne tohi mo tufaki ha ngaahi tohitufa mo tuʻuaki e ngaahi fakatahaʻanga ʻa e Siasí ʻi he ʻū nusipepa faka-Siamane fakalotofonuá. Naʻá ne tohi foki ha ngaahi fakamatala mo fakahoko ha ngaahi malanga ʻi ha ngaahi tefito kehekehe ʻo e ongoongoleleí. Ka naʻe ʻikai ke ne lava ʻo lea faka-Sipeini, ʻa e tefitoʻi lea ʻi ʻĀsenitiná, ʻa ia naʻá ne fakangatangata ʻene ngaahi feingá. Naʻe kei faʻa afea pē ʻe he kakai lea faka-Siamané hono matapaá, ʻo fie ʻilo ki he meʻa naʻa nau lau fekauʻaki mo e Kāingalotú.4

ʻI he faʻahitaʻu failau ʻo e 1925, naʻe mateuteu ʻa ʻAna ke papitaiso. ʻI he kamataʻangá, naʻe fakafepakiʻi ia ʻe hono husepāniti ko Sēkopé, ʻi heʻene ʻalu ki he ngaahi fakataha ʻa e Siasí, ka naʻe ʻikai fuoloa mei ai kuo kamata ke ne maʻulotu mo ia. Naʻe fakaʻau foki ke tokanga mo ʻena fānau taʻu hongofulu tupu ʻe toko tolú ki he ongoongoleleí. Naʻe vēkeve foki mo e tuongaʻane ʻo ʻAna ko ʻĒnesí mo hono uaifi ko Maliá ke kau ki he Siasí, ka naʻe ʻikai ha taha ʻi ʻĀsenitina te ne maʻu e mafai ke fakahoko e ouaú.

ʻI he tupulaki ʻa e fie ʻilo ki he Siasí, naʻe kamata ke fakataha e kakai tuí ʻi ha ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe ʻe tolu ʻi he koló. Naʻe ueʻi fakalaumālie ʻe heʻenau tuí ʻa Uilemā. Naʻá ne tohi ki he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻi Sōleki Sití ʻo pehē, “ʻOku nau maʻu ha fakamoʻoni ki hono moʻoni ʻo e ngāué ni, pea ʻoku nau loto ke papitaiso, ʻi he faingamālie vave taha pē ʻe malava aí.”5

Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo maʻu ʻe Uilemā ha tali mei he pīsope pule ʻo e Siasí, ko Silivesitā Q. Kēnoni. Naʻá ne tohi ʻo pehē, “Kuo mau ʻoatu ki he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻa e fiemaʻu ke tuku atu ha kau faifekau ki ʻĀsenitina, ka kuo teʻeki fakapapauʻi mai ha meʻa. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku mau fie maʻu ha kau tangata taau te nau lava ʻo lea faka-Siamane mo faka-Sipeiní.”6

Naʻe ʻomi ʻe he ongoongó ha ʻamanaki lelei kia ʻAna, ʻĒnesi, mo hona ongo fāmilí. Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo fie ʻilo e tokotaha kotoa pē ʻa e taimi ʻe lava ke nau ʻamanaki atu ai ki ha kau faifekau ʻi honau fonuá.7


ʻI he taimi ko ʻení, naʻe tokolahi ha kau ʻAmelika hinehina ne fakaʻau ke nau ongoʻi taʻe-fiemalie ʻi he ngaahi liliu naʻe hoko ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe hiki ha lauimiliona ʻo e kakai ʻAfilika ʻAmeliká mo e kau hikifonuá ki he fakatokelau ʻo e ngaahi kolo ʻAmeliká ke mavahe mei hono fakafaikehekeheʻi kinautolú mo maʻu ha ngāue lelei ange. Naʻe fakatupu hohaʻa ʻenau ʻi aí ki ha tokolahi ʻo e kau papālangi ngāué, ʻa ia naʻa nau manavasiʻi naʻa mole ʻenau ngāué ki he kau hiki foʻou maí. ʻI he fakaʻau ke lahi ange ʻa e tāufehiʻá, naʻe maʻu ʻe he ngaahi kulupu tāufehiʻa hangē ko e Ku Klux Klan, ʻa ia ne nau fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e fakapulipulí mo e fetāʻakí ke fakamamahiʻi ʻa e kakai ʻUliʻulí mo ha niʻihi tokosiʻi kehe, ʻo nau maʻu ai haʻanau kau mēmipa ʻi he fonuá.8

Naʻe mamata ʻa Hiipa J. Kalānite ʻi he loto-mamahi ki he mafola ʻa e ngaahi kulupu tāufehiʻá. ʻI he ngaahi hongofuluʻi taʻu kimuʻá, naʻe faʻa ʻohofi ʻe he kau mēmipa ʻo e Klan ha kau faifekau ʻi he ʻAmelika Sauté. Naʻe ʻosi tuku e ngaahi ʻohofi pehē ne fai ki he Kāingalotú, ka naʻe ʻikai toe kehe e ngaahi lipooti ia kimui ange fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi ngāue ʻa e kulupu Klan.

Naʻe tohi e palesiteni Misiona ʻo e Ngaahi Siteiti Fakatongá kia Palesiteni Kalānite ʻi he 1924 ʻo pehē, “Kuo ʻi ai ha peesi fakaloto-mamahi ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo e Feituʻu Sauté fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi tā, fakapō, mo e fakamamahi naʻe fai ʻe he kau fakatanga ʻo e kautaha ko ʻení. Kuo teʻeki tauteaʻi e ngaahi hia ko ʻení. ʻOku tatau tofu pē e laumālie maumaulao mo e fetāʻaki ʻi he feituʻu Sauté mo ia naʻá ne fakaʻaiʻai e kau kaihaʻa ʻa Katianetoní.9

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu ʻo e 1920 tupú, naʻe fakaʻau ke tokolahi ange e ngaahi kulupu taufehiʻá koeʻuhí ko e lau lanú, ʻa ia naʻe lava ke maʻu ʻi he vahefonua kotoa pē ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo e ngaahi feituʻu kehe ʻo e māmaní. ʻI he 1896, naʻe fakapaasi ai ʻe he Fakamaauʻanga Lahi ʻo ʻAmeliká ʻa hono fakangofua ʻi he ngaahi lao fakapuleʻangá ke fakamāvahevaheʻi ʻa e kau ʻAmelika hinehiná mei he ʻUliʻulí ʻi he ngaahi ʻapiakó, siasí, falemālōloó, lēlué, mo e ngaahi fale fakapuleʻanga kehé. ʻIkai ngata aí, naʻe holoki ʻe he ngaahi talanoa mo e ngaahi filimi manakoá e tuʻunga ʻo e kakai ʻUliʻulí mo e ngaahi kulupu fakamatakali, fakafonua mo fakalotu kehé ʻaki ha ngaahi fakakaukau hala. Naʻe tokosiʻi pē ha kakai ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití pe ʻi ha feituʻu kehe, naʻe tui ʻoku totonu ke feohi fakasōsiale ʻa e kakai ʻUliʻulí mo e hinehiná.10

ʻI he Siasí, naʻe fakaʻatā ʻa e ngaahi uōtí mo e ngaahi koló ki he kakai kotoa pē, ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko e hā honau matakalí. Ka naʻe ʻikai loto ki ai e ngaahi haʻofanga lotu kotoa pē. ʻI he 1920, naʻe talitali lelei ai ha ongo mēmipa ʻUliʻuli ʻo e Siasí ko Malia mo Viliami Kelevisi, pea naʻá na feohi lelei mo e kāingalotu ʻo hona koló ʻi Kalefōniá. Ka ʻi he ʻaʻahi ʻa Malia ki ha kolo ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻe kole ange ke ne mavahe koeʻuhí ko e lanu ʻo hono kilí. Naʻá ne fai ha tohi kia Palesiteni Kalānite ʻo pehē, “Kuo teʻeki ai ha meʻa ke ne fakamamahiʻi peheʻi au ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻeku moʻuí.”11

Ke teuteuʻi ʻa e māmaní ki he liuaki mai ʻa e ʻEikí, naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí kuo pau ke akoʻi ʻa e ongoongolelei kuo fakafoki maí ki he puleʻanga, faʻahinga, lea, mo e kakai kotoa pē. Kuo taʻu lahi e longomoʻui ʻa e malanga ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo ha kakai lanu kehe—kau ai e Kakai Totonu ʻo ʻAmeliká, ʻOtu Motu Pasifikí, mo e kau ʻAmelika Latiná. Ka naʻe hoko e ngaahi fakafeʻātungia kuo laui-senituli hono motuʻá, kau ai ʻa e lau lanú, ʻi hono fakafaingataʻaʻiaʻi ʻa hono ʻave ʻo e ongoongoleleí ki he māmaní kotoa.

ʻI he tuʻunga ʻo Malia Kelevisí, naʻe ʻikai kole ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ki he haʻofanga lotú ke nau tuifio, he naʻa nau manavasiʻi naʻa hanga ʻe heʻenau fakafepakiʻi e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakamatakali hangē ko ia ʻi he Sauté, ʻo fakafaingataʻaʻiaʻi e Kāingalotu ʻUliʻuli mo hinehiná fakatouʻosi. Pea naʻe ʻikai poupouʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e ngāue fakafaifekaú ʻi he tukui kolo ʻUliʻulí, he naʻe fakangatangata ʻe he Siasí ʻa e fakanofo ki he lakanga fakataulaʻeikí mo e ngaahi tāpuaki fakatemipalé mei he kakai hakoʻi ʻAfiliká.12

Naʻe fekumi ha kakai ʻe niʻihi ʻi he Siasí ki ha ngaahi fakaʻatā makehe ki he meʻá ni. Lolotonga e ʻaʻahi ʻa ʻEletā Tēvita O. Makei ki he ʻOtu Motu Pasifikí, naʻá ne fakahoko ha tohi kia Palesiteni Kalānite, ʻo kole pe ʻe lava ke fai ha fakaʻatā makehe maʻá ha mēmipa ʻUliʻuli ʻo e Siasí naʻe mali mo ha fefine Polinisia pea kuó na ohi hake ha fāmili tokolahi ʻi he Siasí.

Naʻe tali ange ʻe Palesiteni Kalānite, “Tēvita, ʻoku ou ongoʻi fakaʻofaʻia ʻo hangē ko koé, ka kuo pau ke tau tauhi e tuʻutuʻuni ʻa e Siasí kae ʻoua kuo ʻomi ʻe he ʻEikí ha fakahā fekauʻaki mo e meʻa ko iá.”13

Naʻe akoʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻo kamata ʻi he konga kimuʻa ʻo e 1900, ka ʻi ai ha mēmipa ʻe ʻiloʻi ʻoku ʻi ai hano hakoʻi ʻAfilika ʻUliʻuli, neongo pe ko e hā hono siʻisiʻí, ʻe kau mo ia ʻi he fakangatangatá. Ka naʻe tupu mei he ʻikai ʻiloʻi pau e tuʻunga fakamatakali ʻo ha Kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi ha ngaahi fetōʻaki ʻi he founga naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ai ʻa e fakangatangatá. Naʻe ʻikai ha ʻilo lahi ʻa Nalesoni Lisi, ko e foha ʻo ha fefine ʻUliʻuli mo ha tangata hinehina, ki he hisitōlia ʻo ʻene ongomātuʻá ʻi he taimi naʻá ne kau ai mo hono uaifi ko ʻEní, ko ha fefine hinehina, ki he Siasí ʻi ʻIutaá. Naʻe hinehina hono kilí, pea naʻe pehē pē ko ha kau papālangi ʻene fānaú. ʻI he taimi ne mateuteu ai ha toko ua ʻo hono ngaahi ʻofefiné ke malí, naʻá na hū ki he temipalé ʻo maʻu e ngaahi ouau ʻenitaumení mo e silá.

Ka neongo ia, ʻi he taimi naʻe fakaʻamu ai ʻa Nalesoni mo Ane ke na sila ʻi he temipalé, naʻe fakafehuʻi ʻe heʻena pīsopé ʻa Nalesoni fekauʻaki mo ʻene ngaahi kuí. Naʻe fakamatala ange ʻe Nalesoni e meʻa naʻe mahino kiate ia fekauʻaki mo ʻene ongomātuʻá, pea naʻe ʻave ʻe he pīsopé ʻa e meʻá ni ki he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí mo e Kōlomu ʻo e Kau ʻAposetolo ʻe Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá, ʻa ia ne nau fakafoki mai ʻa e fehuʻí ki he pīsopé ke ne aofangatuku. ʻI hono fakaʻosingá, naʻe fakapapauʻi ange ʻe he pīsopé ko ha ongo mēmipa lelei ʻa Nalesoni mo ʻAna ʻi he Siasí, ka ne ʻikai ke ne foaki ha lekomeni temipale kia Nalesoni koeʻuhí ko ʻene ngaahi kuí.14

Neongo naʻe tofuhia ha Kāingalotu tokolahi ʻi he lau lanu fakamatakali ʻo e taimi ko iá, ka naʻe ʻikai tali ʻe he tokolahi tahá e ngaahi kautaha naʻa nau fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e fakapulipulí, maumau laó, mo e fetāʻakí ke fakamamahiʻi e niʻihi kehé. Hili e mafola ʻa e Ku Klux Klan ki ʻIutā ʻi he konga kimuʻa ʻo e 1920 tupú, naʻe hanga ʻe Palesiteni Kalānite mo e kau taki kehe ʻo e Siasí ʻo valokiʻi ia ʻi he konifelenisi lahí pea fakaʻaongaʻi honau ivi tākiekiná ke taʻofi ia. Naʻe tokosiʻi pē ha kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí naʻe kau ki he kulupú. ʻI he taimi naʻe feinga ai ha taki ʻo e kulupu Klan ke fakataha mo e kau taki ʻo e Siasí, naʻe ʻikai tali ʻe Palesiteni Kalānite ʻa e kolé.15

Naʻe pehē ʻe he palōfitá ʻi ʻEpeleli ʻo e 1925, “ʻOku ʻikai mahino kiate au e founga ʻe fie feohi ai ha kakai ʻoku nau maʻu e lakanga fakataulaʻeikí mo e kulupu Ku Klux Klan.”16


ʻI he vaeuaʻanga-mālie ʻo e 1925, naʻe tohoakiʻi e tokanga ʻa Hiipa J. Kalānité mo ha niʻihi kehe ʻi he funga ʻo e māmaní ki he hopo ʻa Sione Sokoupesí, ko ha faiako saienisi ʻo ha ako māʻolunga naʻe fakamāuʻi ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi haʻane akoʻi naʻe tupu ʻa e tangatá mo e fanga ngelí mei ha hako tatau.17

Naʻe fakatupu ʻe he hopo ʻa Sokoupesí ha māvahevahe lahi ʻi he ngaahi siasi faka-Kalisitiané. Naʻe tui ha kau Kalisitiane “fakaonopooni” ʻe niʻihi naʻe ʻikai totonu ke hoko ʻa e Tohi Tapú ko ha mafai ki he ngaahi fehuʻi fakasaienisí. Naʻa nau pehē, naʻe ʻomi ʻe he saienisí ha fakahinohino falalaʻanga ange ke mahino ʻa e māmani fakanatulá, pea ʻoku totonu ke lava ʻe he kau faiako hangē ko Sokoupesí ʻo akoʻi e tuputupu māmālie ʻo ha faʻahinga meʻa moʻui (evolution) ʻi he ngaahi ʻapiakó pea taʻe-manavahē ki ha tautea. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, naʻe lau ʻe he kau Kalisitiane “fakaʻuhinga hangatonú” ʻa e Tohi Tapú ko e moʻoni aofangatuku mo tuʻuloa ia ʻa e ʻOtuá. Naʻe takuanoa ia kiate kinautolu ke pehē naʻe tupu e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, ʻa e fakatupu māʻolunga taha ia ʻa e ʻOtuá, mei ha ngaahi meʻa-moʻui maʻulalo ange.18

Naʻe fakaʻapaʻapaʻi lahi ʻe Hiipa ʻa e saienisi ʻo onopōní mo e kau saienisi hangē ko e ongo ʻaposetolo ko Sēmisi E. Talamesi mo Sione Uitisoú, ʻa ia kuó na lavameʻa ʻi heʻena ongo malaʻé mo kei tui pē ki he ongoongolelei kuo fakafoki maí. Hangē ko kinauá, naʻá ne talitali lelei e ngaahi ʻilo foʻou makehe mei he folofolá, pea naʻá ne tui ʻe faifai pē pea vālelei ʻa e saienisí mo e tui fakalotú.19

Ka naʻá ne hohaʻa ki he Kāingalotu kei talavou ʻo e Siasí kuo liʻaki ʻenau tuí lolotonga ʻenau ako saienisi ʻi he ngaahi kolisí mo e ngaahi ʻunivēsití. ʻI heʻene kei talavoú, naʻe manukiʻi ia ʻe ha tokotaha saienisi ʻi heʻene tui ki he Tohi ʻa Molomoná. Naʻe tuhu ʻa e tangatá ki he potufolofola ʻi he 3 Nīfaí ʻa ia ne ongona ai e leʻo ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo kinautolu ne moʻui mei he fakaʻauha ʻi he taimi ʻo Hono Tutuki ʻo Kalaisí. Naʻe pehē ʻe he tokotaha saienisí ʻoku ʻikai malava ke ongo ha leʻo ʻo fuʻu mamaʻo pehē pea ka ʻi ai ha taha ʻe tui ki ai, ko ha vale ia. Hili ha ngaahi taʻu lahi mei ai, hili hono faʻu ʻo e letioó ʻo fakamoʻoniʻi ʻe lava ke fononga mamaʻo ʻa e ngaahi leʻó, naʻe ongoʻi tonuhia ʻa Hiipa.20

Naʻe fakakaukau ʻa Hiipa mo hono ongo tokoní lolotonga e hopo ʻa Sokoupesí, ke pulusi ha tatau ʻo e “Ko e Tupuʻanga ʻo e Tangatá (The Origin of Man),” ko ha fakamatala naʻe tuku mai ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻi he 1909.21 Makehe mei hono tapui hono akoʻi ʻa e fakakaukau fakamahamahalo fakaʻevalūsió (tuputupu māmālie), ʻo hangē ko ia ne fakahoko ʻe he kau fakaʻuhinga hangatonú, naʻe fakamamafaʻi ʻe he fakamatalá ʻa e akonaki fakatohitapu naʻe fakatupu ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa e tangatá mo e fefiné ʻi Hono tataú. ʻOkú ne toe fakahaaʻi foki e tokāteline makehe ne fakafoki mai ʻoku pehē, naʻe moʻui ʻa e kakai kotoa pē ʻi ha taimi kimuʻa ko ha fānau fakalaumālie ʻa e ʻOtuá, kimuʻa pea fanauʻi mai kinautolu ki he māmaní pea kuo tupulaki mo fakalakalaka e ngaahi foha mo e ngaahi ʻofefine fakalaumālie ko ʻení ʻi he fakalau atu ʻa e taimí.

Naʻe fakamoʻoni e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻo pehē, “ʻI he hoko ʻa e tangatá ko ha laumālié, naʻe fakatupu pea fanauʻi ai ia ʻi ha mātuʻa fakalangi, pea ohi hake ai ʻo matuʻotuʻa ʻi he ʻafioʻanga taʻengata ʻo e Tamaí.”

Naʻe fakaʻosi ʻa e fakamatalá ʻaki hano toe fakamamafaʻi ha faʻahinga ʻe taha ʻo e liliú ʻi he fakalau atu ʻa e taimí—ko ha liliu ne kei taumamaʻo ʻaupito ki he kahaʻú. Naʻá ne pehē, “Pea hangē ko e malava ko ia ʻa ha foha kei valevale ʻo ha tamai mo ha faʻē fakamāmani ʻo fatutangata ʻi hono taimi totonú, ʻoku pehē pē ʻa e malava ʻa e fānau ʻa ha mātuʻa fakalangi ʻoku teʻeki ai tupu, ke nau aʻusia ha ngaahi meʻa lalahi, ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu mo ha ngaahi vahaʻa taimi lōloa, ʻo aʻu ai pē ki haʻanau hoko ko ha ʻOtua.”22

Hili ha ʻaho ʻe tolu mei hono pulusi ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí e fakamatalá, naʻe tuku atu ʻe he kau sula ʻi he hopo ʻa Sokoupesí ha tuʻutuʻuni. Naʻe halaia ʻa Sione Sokoupesi pea tuʻutuʻuni ke ne totongi ha moʻua $100.23 Hili iá, ʻi he tohi ʻa e kakaí kia Hiipa ʻo ʻeke e vakai ʻa e Siasí fekauʻaki mo e ʻevalūsió, naʻá ne ʻoange kiate kinautolu ha tatau ʻo e lea ʻa e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí. Naʻe ʻikai fie maʻu ia ke ne talaange ki he kakaí e meʻa ke nau tui ki aí. Naʻá ne pehē, ʻe lava ke fakamāuʻi ʻa e moʻoní ʻi hono ngaahi fuá, ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe akoʻi ʻe Sīsū ʻi he Malanga ʻi he Moʻungá.24


ʻI he taimi naʻe taʻu hongofulu mā fitu ai ʻa Leni Houpí, naʻá ne ʻalu ʻi ha uike ʻe ua ki ha malanga fakaafe ʻa e siasi Papitaisó ʻo ofi ki hono ʻapi ʻi ʻAlapamá, ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. ʻI he poʻulí, ne foki mai ʻa e talavou ʻUliʻulí mei he malanga fakaafé, tokoto ʻi he ngoueʻanga vavaé, pea sio hake ki he langí. Naʻá ne kole ki he ʻOtuá ke ne maʻu ha tui fakalotu, ka ʻi he pongipongí ko e meʻa pē naʻe lava ke ne fakahaaʻi ʻaki ʻene feingá ko e pīponu hono valá ʻi he hahaú.

Hili ha taʻu ʻe taha mei ai, naʻe fakakaukau ʻa Leni ke papitaiso ʻi ha siasi fakalotofonua. Ka ne ʻikai fuoloa mei ai, naʻá ne misi naʻe fie maʻu ke toe papitaiso ia. ʻI heʻene puputuʻú, naʻe kamata ke ne lau e Tohi Tapú—ʻo aʻu ki ha tuʻunga ne hohaʻa ai hono ngaahi kaungāmeʻá kiate ia. Naʻa nau talaange, “Kapau he ʻikai tuku hoʻo fuʻu laukonga lahi peheé, te ke iku ʻo vale. Kuo fonu e fale valé ia he kau malanga fakalotú.”

Naʻe ʻikai tuku ai e laukonga ʻa Lení. ʻI ha ʻaho ʻe taha, naʻá ne ʻilo ʻe lava ke tataki ia ʻe he Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní ki he moʻoní. ʻI he faleʻi ʻa ha faifekau, naʻá ne ʻalu ai ki he vao ʻakaú ke lotu ʻi ha fale liʻaki motuʻa ne pulipulia ʻi ha vaotā ʻakau. Naʻá ne tangi ai ʻi ha ngaahi houa lahi, ʻo tautapa ki he ʻOtuá ki he Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní. ʻI he pongipongí, naʻá ne mateuteu ke ʻalu taʻe kai pe inu kae ʻoua kuó ne maʻu e meʻa-foakí. Ka naʻe ueʻi ia ʻe he Laumālié ke ʻoua te ne fai ia. Ko ha tokotaha pē naʻá ne maʻu ha mafai mei he ʻOtuá te ne lava ʻo foaki kiate ia ʻa e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní.

Hili ha taimi nounou mei ai, ʻi he tatali ʻa Leni ke maʻu ha tali ki heʻene ngaahi lotu lahí, naʻe ʻoange ʻe ha faifekau ʻo e Siasí ki hono tuofefiné ha tohitufa fekauʻaki mo e palani ʻo e fakamoʻui ʻa e ʻOtuá. Naʻe lau ia ʻe Leni peá ne tui ki hono pōpoakí. Naʻá ne ʻilo foki naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau faifekau ʻo e Siasí ʻa e mafai ke foaki ʻa e meʻa-foaki ʻo e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní kiate kinautolu naʻa nau tali ʻa e papitaisó.

ʻI he fekumi ʻa Leni ki he ongo ʻeletaá, naʻá ne kole ange pe te na papitaiso ia.

Naʻe talaange ʻe ha taha ʻo e ongo faifekaú, “ʻIo, lava lelei, ka ʻo kapau ko au koe, te u laukonga ke toe kiʻi lahi ange.”25

Naʻe maʻu ʻe Leni ha tatau ʻo e Tohi ʻa Molomoná, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá, Mataʻitofe Mahuʻingá, mo ha ngaahi tohi kehe ʻa e Siasí—pea ʻikai fuoloa kuó ne lau kotoa kinautolu. Ka kimuʻa pea lava ke ne papitaisó, naʻe ui ia ke kau ʻi he tau ʻa māmaní. Naʻe fakafolau atu ia ʻe he kongakaú ki muli, ʻa ia naʻá ne tau ai ʻi he laine muʻá ʻi he loto-toʻa. Pea hili ʻene foki ki ʻAlapamá, naʻe papitaiso ia ʻe ha mēmipa fakalotofonua ʻo e Siasí ʻi he ʻaho 22 ʻo Sune 1919, pea faifai ʻo ne maʻu e meʻa-foaki ʻo e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní.26

Hili ha ngaahi pō siʻi mei hono papitaisó, naʻe haʻu ha kau fakatanga hinehina ki he fale naʻá ne nofo aí ʻo ui atu kiate ia. Naʻa nau pehē ange, “ʻOku mau fie talanoa pē mo koe.” Naʻe ʻi honau nimá ha ngaahi laifolo mo ha ngaahi pekenene.

Naʻe hū atu ʻa Leni ki tuʻa. Ko ha tangata ʻUliʻuli ia ʻi he Saute ʻo ʻAmeliká, ʻa ia naʻe faʻa fakamamafaʻi ai ʻe he kau fakatanga toʻo meʻataú ʻi he fakamamahi ʻa e māvahevahe fakamatakalí. ʻE lava pē ke nau fakalaveaʻi pe tāmateʻi ia ʻi he feituʻu ko iá pea mahalo he ʻikai ke teitei fakamāuʻi kinautolu ʻi heʻenau hiá.27

Naʻe fie maʻu ʻe ha taha ʻi he kau fakatangá ke ne ʻiloʻi e ʻuhinga naʻe kau ai ʻa Leni ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí. Naʻe fakalao ki he kau ʻUliʻulí mo e kau papālangí ke nau lotu fakataha ʻi ʻAlapama, ka naʻe ʻi ai foki mo ha ngaahi lao vahevahe pau ʻo e siteití mo ha ngaahi lao fakasōsiale naʻe ʻikai hiki, ke fakamāvahevaheʻi e ngaahi matakalí ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu fakapuleʻangá. Koeʻuhí naʻe meimei hinehina ʻa e Kāingalotu kotoa pē ʻi ʻAlapamá, naʻe vakai e kau fakatangá ki he papitaiso ʻa Lení ko ha pole ia ki he tuʻutuʻuni ʻa e vahefonuá ki he māvahevahe fakamatakalí.28

Naʻe hoko atu e fakamatala ʻa e tangatá, ʻo ʻuhinga ki he ngāue fakakautau ʻa Lení, “ʻA ia naʻá ke mavahe atu [he taú] pea kuó ke ʻilo ha ngaahi meʻa siʻi. Ko ʻeni, kuó ke fie kau koe he kau papālangí.”

Naʻe faifai pea pehē ange ʻe Leni, “Ne u ʻosi fekumi fuoloa pē ki he Siasí kimuʻa peá u ʻalu ki he taú. Naʻá ku ʻiloʻi ko e siasi moʻoni pē ia ʻe taha ʻi he māmaní. Ko e ʻuhinga ia ne u kau ai ki aí.”

Naʻe pehē ange ʻe he kau fakatangá, “ʻOku mau loto ke ke ʻalu ʻo toʻo ho hingoá mei he lekōtí. Kapau ʻe ʻikai, te mau tautau koe ki ha ʻakau pea fanaʻi koe.”29

ʻI he pongipongi hono hokó, naʻe ʻalu ʻa Leni ki ha konifelenisi ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi he feituʻú ʻo talaange kiate kinautolu fekauʻaki mo e fakamanamana ʻa e kau fakatangá. Naʻá ne ʻiloʻi naʻe fakatuʻutāmaki ka ʻilo ʻene ʻalu ki he fakatahá, ka naʻá ne loto-fiemālie ke mate koeʻuhí ko ʻene tui foʻoú.

Naʻe fakapapauʻi ange ʻe he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, “Misa Houpi, he ʻikai lava ke mau toʻo ho hingoá kapau te mau feinga ke fakahoko ia. Kuo ʻi Sōleki Siti ho hingoá pea kuo hiki foki ia ʻi he langí.” Naʻe loto hanau tokolahi ke tokoni kia Leni kapau ʻe toe ō ange ʻa e kau fakatangá kiate ia.30

Ka naʻe ʻikai toe foki ange e kau fakatangá ia. Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo mali ʻa Leni mo ha fefine ko Mele Piu ʻi he 1920, pea naʻá na hiki ki Pēmingihemi, ko ha kolo lahi ʻi he lotokolo ʻo ʻAlapamá. Naʻe tomuʻa pehē ʻe he tokoua ʻo e tamai ʻa Melé, ko ha faifekau Papitaiso, te ne kau ki he Siasí kimuʻa pea ʻosi e taʻú.

Naʻe lau ʻe Mele e Tohi ʻa Molomoná mo maʻu ha fakamoʻoni ki hono moʻoní. Naʻe kiʻi fuoloa ange ia ʻi he lau ʻa e tokoua ʻene tamaí, ka ʻi he hili ha taʻu ʻe nima ʻo ʻena nofo-malí naʻá ne fakakaukau ke kau ki he Siasí. ʻI he ʻaho 15 ʻo Sepitema 1925, naʻe ʻalu e ongomātuʻa Houpí mo ha ongo faifekau ʻe toko ua ki ha kiʻi matavai ofi ki Pēmingihemi. Naʻe papitaiso ʻa Mele taʻe ʻi ai ha meʻa ʻe hoko, pea faifai ʻo ne hoko ko ha mēmipa ʻo e Siasí, ʻo hangē ko hono husepānití.31

Naʻá ne talaange ki he tokoua ʻene tamaí, “Kuo teʻeki ke u aʻusia ha meʻa lelei ange, pea ʻoku ʻikai ke u ʻilo ha toe siasi lelei ange.”32


Lolotonga iá, ʻi Puenosi ʻAealesí, naʻe talitali lelei ʻe ʻAna Kuliki mo hono fāmilí ʻa e ʻaposetolo ko Melevini J. Pālatí mo hono kaungā ngāué, ko Lei L. Palaiti mo Luloni S. Uele ʻo e Kau Fitungofulú, ki honau koló. Naʻe fekauʻi atu ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻa e kau taki māʻolunga ʻe toko tolú ki ʻĀsenitina ke fakatapui ʻa ʻAmelika Tonga ki he ngāue fakafaifekaú, fokotuʻu ha kolo ʻo e Siasí, mo malanga ʻaki e ongoongoleleí ʻi he lea faka-Siamané mo e faka-Sipeiní ki he kakai ʻo e koló. Kuo tatali ʻa e fāmili Kulikí ʻi ha ngaahi māhina ki ha taha ke haʻu. Ko e kau faifekaú pē ʻi he konitinēniti ʻAmelika Tongá ne nau maʻu ʻa e mafai totonu ke papitaiso kinautolu ki he Siasi ʻo Sīsū Kalaisí.33

Naʻe lea faka-Siamane lelei ʻa ʻEletā Uele, pea lea faka-Sipeini lelei ʻaupito ʻa ʻEletā Palaiti. Ka naʻe ʻikai lava ʻa ʻEletā Pālati ʻo lea ʻi ha taha ʻo e ongo lea fakafonuá pea hangē naʻá ne ongoʻi lōmekina ʻi hono ngaahi ʻātakai foʻoú. Naʻe foʻou kiate ia e meʻa kotoa pē fekauʻaki mo Puenosi ʻAealesi—ʻa e leá, ʻea māfana ʻo Tīsemá mo e ngaahi fetuʻu ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e langí.34

Naʻe nofo e kau faifekaú ʻi honau fuofua ʻaho ʻi ʻĀsenitiná ʻo ʻaʻahi ki he Kāingalotu Siamane ʻi he koló. Naʻa nau fakahoko ha ngaahi fakataha ʻi he ʻapi ʻo Uilemā Feletilikisí pea nau kau atu ki ha kalasi Tohi ʻa Molomona ʻi he ʻapi ʻo ʻĒmili Houpí. Pea ʻi he ʻaho 12 ʻo Tīsema 1925, ne nau papitaiso ai ʻa ʻAna, Sēkope, mo e ʻofefine taʻu hongofulu mā ono ʻo e ongomātuʻá ko Heata. Naʻe papitaiso foki mo e tuongaʻane ʻo ʻAna ko ʻĒnesí mo hono uaifi ko Maliá, kae pehē ki he ʻofefine ohi ʻo Uilemā Feletilikisi ko ʻIlisa Palasamaní. ʻI he ʻaho hono hokó, naʻe fakanofo ʻe he kau faifekaú ʻa Uilemā mo ʻĒmili ko ha ongo taulaʻeiki pea mo Sēkope mo ʻĒnesi ko ha ongo tīkoni.35

Hili ha uike ʻe ua mei ai, naʻe ʻalu e kau faifekau ʻe toko tolú ʻi he pongipongi Kilisimasí ki he Parque Tres de Febrero, ko ha paʻake ʻiloa he koló naʻe musie lanu mata, anovai lanu pulū, mo ha vao ʻakau uilou. ʻI heʻenau vakai holo ko kinautolu pē ʻi aí, ne nau hivaʻi ha ngaahi himi pea punou leva honau ʻulú kae fakatapui ʻe ʻEletā Pālati e konitinēnití ki he ngāue ʻa e ʻEikí.

Naʻá ne lotu ʻo pehē, “ʻOku ou fakangofua mo fakaava ʻa e matapaá ki hono malangaʻi ʻo e ongoongoleleí ʻi he ngaahi puleʻanga kotoa ko ʻeni ʻo ʻAmelika Tongá, mo fekau ki he ngaahi mālohi kotoa pē te ne fakafepakiʻi hono malangaʻi ʻo e ongoongoleleí ʻi he ngaahi fonua ko ʻení ke taʻofi.”36

ʻI hono fakaava pē ʻo e Misiona Saute ʻAmeliká, ne ngāue fakataha leva ʻa e kau faifekaú mo e kāingalotú ke vahevahe ʻa e ongoongoleleí mo honau kaungāʻapí. Naʻe faʻa vahevahe ʻe Heata Kuliki, ʻa ia naʻá ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e lea faka-Sipeiní, ʻa e ongoongoleleí mo hono ngaahi kaungāmeʻa lea faka-Sipeini ʻi he akó. Lolotonga iá, naʻe ʻalu ʻa ʻEletā Pālati mo ʻEletā Palaiti mei he ʻapi ki he ʻapi ke tufa ha ngaahi tohitufa mo fakaafeʻi e kakaí ki he ngaahi fakatahaʻanga ʻa e Siasí. Naʻe fakaongosia ʻa e ngāué. Naʻe faʻa fie maʻu ke fononga mamaʻo ʻa e kau faifekaú ʻi ha ngaahi manafa ʻataʻatā pe ʻi ha ngaahi hala pelepela ʻi ha faʻahinga tūkunga pē ʻo e ʻeá.37

ʻI Sānuali ʻo e 1926, naʻe foki ai ʻa ʻEletā Uele ki ʻapi koeʻuhí ko ʻene mahamahakí, ko ia naʻe fatongia ʻaki ʻe Heata hono tokoniʻi ʻo ʻEletā Pālati mo ʻEletā Palaiti he fetuʻutaki mo e Kāingalotu Siamané. Naʻe teuteu ʻe ʻEletā Pālati ha pōpoaki maʻá e Kāingalotú ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá, ne liliu ia ʻe ʻEletā Palaiti ki he lea faka-Sipeiní, pea naʻe liliu ʻe Heata ʻa e lea faka-Sipeiní ki he lea faka-Siamané. Naʻe faingataʻa—pea fakaoli he taimi ʻe niʻihi—ʻa e founga hono fakahokó, ka naʻe houngaʻia ʻa e ongo faifekaú ʻi heʻene (Heata) tokoní.38

Lolotonga ʻenau ngaahi fakatahá, naʻe faʻa fakahoko ʻe he kau faifekaú ha ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali ʻata (slideshows) ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ha mīsini polosekitā ne nau omi mo ia mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. ʻI he fakakaukau ʻa Heata mahalo ʻe saiʻia ai hono ngaahi kaungāmeʻá, naʻá ne fakaafeʻi kinautolu ke nau kau atu ki he fakaʻaliʻalí. Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa mei ai, kuo ʻasi ange ha kakai kei talavou ʻe toko teau—ko e tokolahi taha ʻo kinautolú ko ha kakai lea faka-Sipeini—ʻi he ʻapisiasi naʻe totongi ʻe he Kāingalotú, pea naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu ʻe he kaumātuʻá ha Lautohi Faka-Sāpate ke akoʻi kinautolu.39

Naʻe kamata foki ke fakataha e mātuʻa ʻa e toʻu tupú mo e Kāingalotú, ʻi heʻenau fie ʻilo ki he meʻa naʻe ako ʻe heʻenau fānaú. ʻI ha fakataha ʻe taha, naʻe ʻaukau mai ai ha kakai ʻe toko uangeau tupu ki he fale lotú ke mamata ʻi he ngaahi tā fekauʻaki mo hono Fakafoki Mai ʻo e Ongoongoleleí mo fanongo ki he faiako ʻa ʻEletā Palaiti ʻi heʻenau lea fakafonuá.40

Hili ha māhina ʻe ono mei he haʻu ʻa ʻEletā Pālati, ʻEletā Palaiti, mo ʻEletā Uele ki Puenosi ʻAealesí, naʻe aʻu mai ha palesiteni fakamisiona tuʻu maʻu mo ha ongo faifekau kei talavou ke fetongi kinaua ʻi he ngāué. Naʻe kau ʻa e palesiteni foʻoú, Leinoti Situfi, mo hono uaifi ko ʻElá, ki he Siasí ʻi Siamane ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu siʻi kimuʻa. Naʻe lea faka-Sipeini ha taha ʻo e kau faifekaú, J. Vēnoni Saapa, ʻo fakapapauʻi ʻe lava ke fanongo ʻa e kakai ʻAmelika Tonga lea faka-Siamane mo lea faka-Sipeiní fakatouʻosi ki he ongoongoleleí ʻi heʻenau lea fakafonua pē ʻanautolú. Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa mei heʻenau tūʻuta atú, kuo fakahoko ʻe he misioná ʻenau fuofua papi ului lea faka-Sipeiní, ko ʻElatia Sifuenitesi.41

ʻI he ʻaho 4 ʻo Siulai 1926, kimuʻa pea foki ʻa ʻEletā Pālati ki he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻá ne fakahoko ʻene fakamoʻoní ki ha kiʻi haʻofanga lotu tokosiʻi ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻĀsenitiná. Naʻá ne pehē, “ʻE tupu māmālie pē e ngāue ʻa e ʻEikí ʻi heni ʻo hangē ko e tupu māmālie ʻa ha fuʻu ʻoke mei ha kiʻi foʻi tenga. ʻE ʻikai tupu vave ʻi ha ʻaho pē ʻe taha ʻo hangē ko e tupu vave ʻa e siolaʻaá pea maté.”

Naʻá ne kikite ʻo pehē, “ʻE kau ha lauiafe heni ki he Siasí. ʻE vahevahe ia ki ha ngaahi misiona lahi ange pea ʻe hoko ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi misiona mālohi taha ʻi he Siasí.”42

  1. Kullick, “Life of Herta”; Anna Kullick, Hamburg Passenger List, Apr. 20, 1922, 499; Ernst Biebersdorf, Hamburg Passenger List, Mar. 27, 1923, 689, maʻu ʻi he ancestry.com. Tefito: ʻĀsenitina

  2. Wilhelm Friedrichs to Charles W. Nibley, Dec. 15, 1924; Apr. 15, 1925, Argentine Mission Correspondence, CHL.

  3. Palmer and Grover, “Parley P. Pratt’s 1851 Mission to Chile,” 115; Williams and Williams, From Acorn to Oak, 13–15, 17–20; Newton, German Buenos Aires, 75–85. Tefitó: Chile (Silei)

  4. Wilhelm Friedrichs to Charles Nibley, Mar. 2, 1924; Mar. 5, 1924; May 2, 1924; Dec. 15, 1924; Apr. 15, 1925; Wilhelm Friedrichs to Sylvester Q. Cannon, June 29, 1925, Argentine Mission Correspondence, CHL.

  5. Wilhelm Friedrichs to Charles Nibley, Dec. 15, 1924; Apr. 15, 1925; Wilhelm Friedrichs to Sylvester Q. Cannon, June 29, 1925, Argentine Mission Correspondence, CHL.

  6. Sylvester Q. Cannon to Wilhelm Friedrichs, June 24, 1925, Argentine Mission Correspondence, CHL. Naʻe liliu e konga leá ke mahino ange; naʻe liliu ʻa e “ko e kau Palesitenisī” ʻi he tohi totonú ki he “ko e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí.”

  7. Wilhelm Friedrichs to Sylvester Q. Cannon, June 29, 1925, Argentine Mission Correspondence, CHL.

  8. Schrag, Not Fit for Our Society, 70, 123, 144–45; Pegram, “Ku Klux Klan, Labor, and the White Working Class during the 1920s,” 373–96; Smith, Managing White Supremacy, 73–75; Jackson, Ku Klux Klan in the City, 5–23; Higham, Strangers in the Land, 285–99.

  9. Grant, Journal, Feb. 6, 1923; Seferovich, “History of the LDS Southern States Mission,” 122–24; Mason, Mormon Menace, 145–47, 159–60; Charles A. Callis to First Presidency, Jan. 31, 1924; First Presidency to Charles A. Callis, Feb. 5, 1924, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL; vakai foki, Hilamani 2:12–13; 6:16–32.

  10. Gerlach, Blazing Crosses in Zion, 1–16; Bornstein, Colors of Zion, 34–39; Thomas, Plessy v. Ferguson, 3–4, 29–31; Jackson, “Race and History in Early American Film,” 27–51; First Presidency to Joseph W. McMurrin, Nov. 23, 1920, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL. Tefito: Racial Segregation (Māvahevahe Faka-Matakalí)

  11. Marie Graves to Heber J. Grant, Nov. 10, 1920, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL.

  12. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 58:64; Maʻake 16:15; Kau Māʻoniʻoní, voliume 1, vahe 46; voliume 2, vahe 13, 31, mo e 32; First Presidency to Joseph W. McMurrin, Nov. 23, 1920, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL.

  13. David O. McKay to Stephen L. Richards and J. Reuben Clark Jr., Jan. 19, 1954, David O. McKay Scrapbook, CHL.

  14. Bush, “Mormonism’s Negro Doctrine,” 37–38; “Ritchie, Nelson Holder,” Biographical Entry, Century of Black Mormons website, exhibits.lib.utah.edu; Salt Lake Temple Records, Living Sealings Previously Married, Book A, 1893–1902, microfilm 186,213; Salt Lake Temple Records, Sealings for the Living, Book A, 1893–1905, microfilm 186,206, Special Collections, FHL; Nelson H. Ritchie and Annie C. Ritchie, Sugar House Ward, Granite Stake, nos. 483 and 484, in Sugar House Ward, Part 1, Record of Members Collection, CHL; Whitaker, Journal, Dec. 10, 1909. Tefito: Lakanga Fakataulaʻeikí mo e Fakangatangata Fakatemiplalé

  15. Gerlach, Blazing Crosses in Zion, 23–53, 55–101, 104–5; Grant, Journal, Mar. 6, 1924.

  16. Grant, Journal, Apr. 4, 1925.

  17. Passing Events,” Improvement Era, Aug. 1925, 28:1013; “William Jennings Bryan,” Improvement Era, Sept. 1925, 28:1092–93.

  18. Larson, Summer for the Gods, 31–59, 112, 116–21, 155, 168, 263; Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 175–77, 184–85; Numbers, Creationists, 51–68. Tefitó: Organic Evolution (ʻEvalūsiō ʻo e Meʻa Moʻuí)

  19. Grant, Journal, Apr. 11, 1924; Heber J. Grant to Charles W. Lovett, Aug. 25, 1919, Letterpress Copybook, volume 54, 994; Heber J. Grant to Henry W. Beyers, June 28, 1933, Heber J. Grant Collection, CHL; Heber J. Grant to Fred W. Shibley, Jan. 21, 1930, Letterpress Copybook, volume 67, 646, Heber J. Grant Collection, CHL.

  20. Grant, Journal, Apr. 11, 1924; 3 Nīfai 9:1; Heber J. Grant to George T. Odell, Mar. 17, 1925, Letterpress Copybook, volume 63, 8; Heber J. Grant to Eva G. Moss, Nov. 26, 1925, Letterpress Copybook, volume 63, 612, Heber J. Grant Collection, CHL; Heber J. Grant to Earl Foote, Nov. 27, 1925, First Presidency Letterpress Copybooks, volume 65.

  21. Grant, Journal, June 18, 1925.

  22. The Origin of Man,” Improvement Era, Nov. 1909, 13:75–81; “‘Mormon’ View of Evolution,” Deseret News, July 18, 1925, section 3, 5.

  23. Larson, Summer for the Gods, 191–92.

  24. Heber J. Grant to Tenney McFate, Aug. 5, 1925, First Presidency Letterpress Copybooks, volume 65; Heber J. Grant to Martha Geddes, Sept. 23, 1925, First Presidency Miscellaneous Correspondence, CHL; Heber J. Grant to Arne Arnesen, Aug. 15, 1925, First Presidency Letterpress Copybooks, volume 65; vakai foki, Mātiu 7:16–20. Tefito: Organic Evolution (ʻEvalūsiō ʻo e Meʻa Moʻuí)

  25. Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, 1–[2]; “Hope, Len,” Biographical Entry, Century of Black Mormons website, exhibits.lib.utah.edu.

  26. Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, 1–[2]; “Hope, Len,” Biographical Entry, Century of Black Mormons website, exhibits.lib.utah.edu; Len Hope entry, Genealogical Record, Alabama Conference, Southern States Mission, 70, in Alabama (State), part 1, segment 1, Record of Members Collection, CHL; John Matthew Tolbert entry, Genealogical Record, Alabama Conference, Southern States Mission, 149, in Alabama (State), part 1, segment 1, Record of Members Collection, CHL.

  27. Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, [2]; DuRocher, “Violent Masculinity,” 49–60.

  28. Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, [2]; Stephenson, “Short Biography of Len, Sr. and Mary Hope,” [9]; Flynt, Alabama in the Twentieth Century, 227–28, 317–31, 446–49; Feldman, Sense of Place, 12–15, 26–28, 73–76. Tefitó: Racial Segregation (Māvahevahe Faka-Matakalí)

  29. Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, 1–[2]; “Hope, Len,” Biographical Entry, Century of Black Mormons website, exhibits.lib.utah.edu. Naʻe liliu e lea ʻa Leni Houpí ke mahino ange; naʻe liliu ʻa e “Naʻá ku fekumi” ʻi he tohi totonú ki he “Naʻá ku fekumi ki he Siasí.”

  30. Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, 1–[2]; “Hope, Len,” Biographical Entry, Century of Black Mormons website, exhibits.lib.utah.edu; Joseph Hancock to Gloria Gunn, Dec. 31, 1949, Joseph P. Hancock Mission Letters and Autobiography, CHL.

  31. Joseph Hancock to Gloria Gunn, Dec. 31, 1949, Joseph P. Hancock Mission Letters and Autobiography, CHL; Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, [2], [3]; “Hope, Len,” and “Hope, Mary Lee Pugh,” Biographical Entries, Century of Black Mormons website, exhibits.lib.utah.edu; Stephenson, “Short Biography of Len, Sr. and Mary Hope,” [9].

  32. Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, [3]. Naʻe liliu e konga leá ke mahino ange; naʻe liliu ʻa e “Ne u lava ʻo sio” ʻi he tohi totonú ki he “ʻOku ou lava ʻo sio.”

  33. Rey L. Pratt, Diary, Dec. 6, 1925; Melvin J. Ballard to First Presidency, Jan. 26, 1926, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL; Melvin J. Ballard, in Ninety-Seventh Semi-annual Conference, 35; Wilhelm Friedrichs to Sylvester Q. Cannon, June 29, 1925, Argentine Mission Correspondence, CHL.

  34. Melvin J. Ballard to First Presidency, Jan. 26, 1926, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL; Melvin J. Ballard, in Ninety-Seventh Semi-annual Conference, 35.

  35. Melvin J. Ballard to First Presidency, Dec. 15, 1925, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL; Rey L. Pratt, Diary, Dec. 10, 1925; South American Mission Index, in South American Mission, Manuscript History, [1]–7; South American Mission, Manuscript History, Dec. 13, 1925, [17].

  36. “Dedicatorial Prayer, Dedicating the Lands of South America to the Preaching of the Gospel,” First Presidency Mission Files, CHL; Melvin J. Ballard, “Prayer Dedicating the Lands of South America to the Preaching of the Gospel,” Improvement Era, Apr. 1926, 29:575–77.

  37. Melvin J. Ballard to First Presidency, Dec. 15, 1925; Mar. 15, 1926, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL; Melvin J. Ballard, in Ninety-Seventh Semi-annual Conference, 35–36; “The Missions: The Sunday School in South America,” Instructor, Dec. 1939, 74:539; “Elder Ballard Dedicated South American Nations,” South American Mission, Manuscript History, [19].

  38. Melvin J. Ballard, in Ninety-Seventh Semi-annual Conference, 34–36; Rey L. Pratt, Diary, Jan. 1–2, 3, and 14, 1926; Rey L. Pratt to Family, Feb. 8, 1926, Rey L. Pratt Papers, CHL.

  39. Rey L. Pratt to Family, Feb. 14, 1926, Rey L. Pratt Papers, CHL; “The Missions: The Sunday School in South America,” Instructor, Dec. 1939, 74:539; Melvin J. Ballard to First Presidency, Mar. 22, 1926, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL.

  40. Melvin J. Ballard, in Ninety-Seventh Semi-annual Conference, 36; Melvin J. Ballard to First Presidency, Mar. 1, 1926, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL.

  41. First Presidency to Melvin J. Ballard, Mar. 23, 1926; Melvin J. Ballard to First Presidency, Mar. 22, 1926; June 16, 1926, First Presidency Mission Files, CHL; Curbelo, History of the Mormons in Argentina, 38–39; Williams and Williams, From Acorn to Oak Tree, 29; Melvin J. Ballard, in Ninety-Seventh Semi-annual Conference, 37.

  42. Sharp, Oral History Interview, 10; vakai foki ki he Sharp, Autobiography, 48; mo e Sharp, Journal, July 4, 1926, mo e kaati fakahokohoko fakamotuʻalea naʻe faʻo ʻi he loto tohinoá. Tefito: Argentina (ʻĀsenitina)