Chronology of the Old Testament

B.C.	Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs
B.C. 4000	Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs Fall of Adam. Ministry of Enoch. Ministry of Noah; the Flood. Tower of Babel. Ministry of Melchizedek. Death of Noah (Gen. 9:28).	(Those desiring calculated dates on these events may wish to consult published chronologies.)
	Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs Birth of Abram. Birth of Isaac. Birth of Jacob. Birth of Joseph. Joseph sold into Egypt (Gen. 37:2). Joseph stands before Pharaoh (Gen. 41:46). Jacob and his family go down to Egypt. Death of Jacob. Death of Joseph. Birth of Moses. The Exodus when Moses was 80 years old. Death (translation) of Moses. Death of Joshua.	In the days of Abram we meet with the names of Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Amraphel, king of Shinar. Egypt was manifestly a powerful kingdom before and during the patriarchal times, but the early annals of Egypt as they have come down to us help us to few synchronisms that can be relied on.
	Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs After the death of Joshua was the period of the Judges, of whom the first was Othniel and the last Samuel, but the arrangement and dates of the rest are very uncertain.	The commencement of the Assyrian empire appears to have been somewhere in the period of the Judges, but much of the chronological data preserved in Assyrian tablets is of a mythical character.

B.C.

Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs

B.C.

4000

Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs

Fall of Adam.

Ministry of Enoch.

Ministry of Noah; the Flood.

Tower of Babel.

Ministry of Melchizedek.

Death of Noah (Gen. 9:28).

(Those desiring calculated dates on these events may wish to consult published chronologies.)

Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs

Birth of Abram.

Birth of Isaac.

Birth of Jacob.

Birth of Joseph.

Joseph sold into Egypt (Gen. 37:2).

Joseph stands before Pharaoh (Gen. 41:46).

Jacob and his family go down to Egypt.

Death of Jacob.

Death of Joseph.

Birth of Moses.

The Exodus when Moses was 80 years old.

Death (translation) of Moses.

Death of Joshua.

In the days of Abram we meet with the names of Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Amraphel, king of Shinar. Egypt was manifestly a powerful kingdom before and during the patriarchal times, but the early annals of Egypt as they have come down to us help us to few synchronisms that can be relied on.

Sequence of Events in the Days of the Early Patriarchs

After the death of Joshua was the period of the Judges, of whom the first was Othniel and the last Samuel, but the arrangement and dates of the rest are very uncertain.

The commencement of the Assyrian empire appears to have been somewhere in the period of the Judges, but much of the chronological data preserved in Assyrian tablets is of a mythical character.

In this section approximate dates are suggested, some help being derived from synchronisms with secular history, which become more numerous with every succeeding century.

B.C.	The Undivided Kingdom	Persons and Events of External History
B.C. 1095	The Undivided Kingdom Commencement of Saul’s reign. Samuel lives for a great part of Saul’s reign.	Persons and Events of External History Nahash, king of Ammon. Tiglath-pileser Ⅰ, king of Assyria. Agag, king of Amalek. Achish, king of Gath.
B.C. 1063	The Undivided Kingdom David anointed by Samuel.
B.C. 1055	The Undivided Kingdom David king in Hebron.
B.C. 1047	The Undivided Kingdom David king in Jerusalem. Nathan and Gad, prophets.	Persons and Events of External History Hiram, king of Tyre. Hadadezer, king of Zobah. Toi, king of Hamath. Hanun, son of Nahash, king of Ammon.
B.C. 1015	The Undivided Kingdom Solomon made king. Death of David.
B.C. 1012	The Undivided Kingdom Solomon begins to build the temple.	Persons and Events of External History Hiram, king of Tyre.
B.C. 1004	The Undivided Kingdom Solomon begins to build his own house.
B.C. 991	The Undivided Kingdom The buildings are finished.	Persons and Events of External History Hadad the Edomite is protected in Egypt. Genubath, son of Hadad. Rezon, king of Zobah. Shishak, king of Egypt, shelters Jeroboam.
B.C. 975	The Undivided Kingdom Death of Solomon. The ten tribes revolt from Rehoboam.

In the following table the first column of dates follows the books of Kings and Chronicles; the third column contains a revised chronology derived from inscriptions on Assyrian and other monuments. The kings of Judah are printed in heavy type, and the kings of Israel in capitals.

B.C.	Kings of Judah and Israel	Rev. Chr.	Internal History	External History	Synchronisms
B.C. 975	Kings of Judah and Israel Rehoboam Jeroboam Ⅰ	Rev. Chr. 953	Internal History Ahijah the Shilomite prophesies, also Shemaiah. Penuel built (1 Kgs. 12:25).	External History	Synchronisms Shishak, king of Egypt.
		Rev. Chr. 949	Internal History Shishak plunders Jerusalem.
B.C. 957	Kings of Judah and Israel Abijam	Rev. Chr. 932
B.C. 955	Kings of Judah and Israel Asa	Rev. Chr. 929
B.C. 954	Kings of Judah and Israel Nadab	Rev. Chr. 927	Internal History Oded and Azariah prophesy.	External History Asa’s war with Zerah the Ethiopian.
B.C. 953	Kings of Judah and Israel Baasha	Rev. Chr. 925	Internal History War of Israel against Judah. Hanani and Jehu prophesy.
B.C. 930	Kings of Judah and Israel Elah	Rev. Chr. 901	Internal History	External History Asa’s alliance with Benhadad Ⅰ.
B.C. 929	Kings of Judah and Israel Zimri	Rev. Chr. 899
B.C. 929	Kings of Judah and Israel Omri (at war with Tibni)	Rev. Chr. 897
B.C. 925	Kings of Judah and Israel Omri (victorious)		Internal History Benhadad Ⅰ conquers Omri (1 Kgs. 20:34).
B.C. 918	Kings of Judah and Israel Ahab	Rev. Chr. 875	Internal History Samaria built (1 Kgs. 16:24).	External History	Synchronisms Ethbaal (Eithobalus), king of Zidon.
B.C. 914	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoshaphat	Rev. Chr. 873	Internal History Elijah the Tishbite. Jericho rebuilt. Micaiah son of Imlah prophesies.	External History Syrian invasion of Samaria (1 Kgs. 20:34).
B.C. 914	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoshaphat	Rev. Chr. 873		B.C. 914	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoshaphat	Rev. Chr. 873	Internal History Elijah the Tishbite. Jericho rebuilt. Micaiah son of Imlah prophesies.	External History Moab rebels against Israel.	Synchronisms Mesha, king of Moab.
B.C. 898	Kings of Judah and Israel Ahaziah	Rev. Chr. 853	Internal History Jahaziel prophesies (2 Chr. 20:14). Eliezer of Mareshah prophesies (2 Chr. 20:37).	B.C. 914	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoshaphat	Rev. Chr. 873
B.C. 897	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoram	Rev. Chr. 851	Internal History Elisha prophesies. Obadiah prophesies (?).	External History Battle of Ramoth-gilead.	Synchronisms Hazael, king of Syria.
B.C. 893	Kings of Judah and Israel Joram	Rev. Chr. 848
B.C. 885	Kings of Judah and Israel Ahaziah	Rev. Chr. 844
B.C. 884	Kings of Judah and Israel Athaliah Jehu	Rev. Chr. 843
B.C. 878	Kings of Judah and Israel Joash	Rev. Chr. 837	Internal History Joash buys off Hazael’s invasion (2 Kgs. 12:18).	External History Syrian victories over Israel (2 Kgs. 10:32).	Synchronisms Sardanapalus dies.
B.C. 856	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoahaz		Internal History Joel prophesies (?).
B.C. 842	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoash	Rev. Chr. 798
B.C. 841	Kings of Judah and Israel Amaziah	Rev. Chr. 797	Internal History	External History	Synchronisms Shalmaneser Ⅱ.
B.C. 826	Kings of Judah and Israel Jeroboam Ⅱ	Rev. Chr. 790	Internal History Hosea prophesies. Jonah prophesies (2 Kgs. 14:25).	External History Amaziah subdues Edom (2 Kgs. 14:7).	Synchronisms Shalmaneser Ⅲ.
B.C. 811	Kings of Judah and Israel Azariah or Uzziah	Rev. Chr. 792	Internal History Amos prophesies.
B.C. 773	Kings of Judah and Israel Zechariah	Rev. Chr. 749	Internal History	External History	Synchronisms First Olympiad.
B.C. 772	Kings of Judah and Israel Shallum	Rev. Chr. 748
B.C. 772	Kings of Judah and Israel Menahem	Rev. Chr. 748	Internal History	External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Pul, king of Assyria (= Tiglath-pileser Ⅲ?).
B.C. 761	Kings of Judah and Israel Pekahiah				External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.
B.C. 759	Kings of Judah and Israel Pekah		Internal History			External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Rezin, king of Syria.
B.C. 758	Kings of Judah and Israel Jotham	Rev. Chr. 740	Internal History Isaiah begins to prophesy.				External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Rome founded. Era of Nabonassar, 747. Tiglath-pileser Ⅲ, king of Assyria (747–734). So, king of Egypt.
	Kings of Judah and Israel Pekahiah (rev. chr.)	Rev. Chr. 737
	Kings of Judah and Israel Pekah (rev. chr.)	Rev. Chr. 735
B.C. 742	Kings of Judah and Israel Ahaz	Rev. Chr. 734
B.C. 730	Kings of Judah and Israel Hoshea	Rev. Chr. 733	Internal History
B.C. 726	Kings of Judah and Israel Hezekiah	Rev. Chr. 728	Internal History					External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Shalmaneser Ⅴ, king of Assyria, 727.
B.C. 721	Kings of Judah and Israel End of the Northern kingdom	Rev. Chr. 722	Internal History Micah prophesies.						External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Sargon. Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon, 722. Death of Sennacherib, 681. Esarhaddon. Median kingdom formed.
B.C. 697	Kings of Judah and Israel Manasseh	Rev. Chr. 697	Internal History							External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Psammetichus, king of Egypt, 670. Fall of No-amon (Thebes), 660.
B.C. 642	Kings of Judah and Israel Amon	Rev. Chr. 642	Internal History Nahum prophesies (?).								External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Assurbanipal (667–626).
B.C. 640	Kings of Judah and Israel Josiah	Rev. Chr. 640	Internal History Huldah the prophetess. Jeremiah begins to prophesy, 628. Zephaniah prophesies.									External History There is much uncertainty about the chronology of the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, and Pekah, and from 2 Kgs. 15:1–2, and 30–32, it is clear that there is some confusion in the biblical numbers. Uzziah’s name is now thought to have been discovered in an Assyrian inscription 740 B.C. If that proves correct, the commencement of Isaiah’s prophecy cannot date before that year, and the time of Jotham’s regency may have been counted as regnal years. In these tables the biblical numbers have been adhered to, as far as possible, but they require further elucidation, which we may hope for as the Assyrian chronology becomes more assured.	Synchronisms Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, 625–604.
B.C. 609	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoahaz	Rev. Chr. 609	Internal History Obadiah prophesies (?).	External History									Synchronisms Fall of Nineveh, 606.
B.C. 609	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoiakim	Rev. Chr. 609	Internal History Daniel carried captive, 606.	External History	Synchronisms Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, 604–561.
B.C. 598	Kings of Judah and Israel Jehoiachin	Rev. Chr. 598	Internal History Habakkuk prophesies.
B.C. 598	Kings of Judah and Israel Zedekiah	Rev. Chr. 598	Internal History Ezekiel prophesies.
B.C. 587	Kings of Judah and Israel Capture of Jerusalem	Rev. Chr. 587

B.C.	Jewish History	External History
B.C. 561	Jewish History Jehoiachin’s captivity relaxed.	External History	Evil-merodach, king of Babylon.
B.C. 559	Jewish History	External History Commencement of the Persian Empire under Cyrus.	Neriglissar, king of Babylon, 559–555.
B.C. 555	Jewish History	External History	Belshazzar co-regent with Nabonidus.
B.C. 538	Jewish History	External History Union of Media and Persia under Cyrus.	Fall of Babylon.
B.C. 537	Jewish History Decree of Cyrus for the return of the Jews.
B.C. 536	Jewish History Joshua, high priest.
B.C. 529	Jewish History Ahasuerus (Ezra 4:6).	External History =Cambyses, king of Persia, 529–521.
B.C. 525	Jewish History	External History	Egypt conquered by Cambyses. Birth of Aeschylus.
B.C. 521	Jewish History Artaxerxes (Ezra 4:7).	External History =Pseudo-Smerdis.
B.C. 521	Jewish History Darius Ⅰ (Ezra 4:5).	External History =Darius Hystaspes.
B.C. 520	Jewish History The hindered temple building resumed. Haggai and Zechariah prophesy.	External History	Sophocles born, 495.
B.C. 490	Jewish History	External History	Battle of Marathon.
B.C. 486	Jewish History Ahasuerus (Esth. 1:1).	External History =Xerxes, 486–465.	Egypt revolts from Persia for 2 years.
B.C. 483	Jewish History Joiakim, high priest.	External History	Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis, 480.
B.C. 465	Jewish History Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:1).	External History =Artaxerxes Longimanus.
B.C. 458	Jewish History Commission of Ezra.
B.C. 453	Jewish History Eliashib, high priest.
B.C. 444	Jewish History Nehemiah appointed governor of Judea.
B.C. 432	Jewish History Nehemiah’s second mission to Jerusalem. Prophecy of Malachi.	External History	Plato born, 429.
B.C. 424	Jewish History Darius Ⅱ.	External History =Darius Nothus.
B.C. 414	Jewish History	External History	Egypt and Media both revolt from Persia.
B.C. 413	Jewish History Joiada, high priest.
B.C. 404	Jewish History	External History Artaxerxes Mnemon.
B.C. 401	Jewish History	External History	Battle of Cunaxa. Demosthenes born, 382.
B.C. 373	Jewish History Johanan, high priest.
B.C. 359	Jewish History	External History	Philip, king of Macedon.
B.C. 358	Jewish History	External History Darius Ochus.	Plato dies, 348.
B.C. 341	Jewish History Jaddua, high priest.
B.C. 337	Jewish History	External History Arses.
B.C. 336	Jewish History Darius Ⅲ (Neh. 12:22).	External History =Darius Codomannus.	Philip of Macedon slain.
B.C. 332	Jewish History Jaddua goes out to meet Alexander.	External History	Alexander in Syria and Egypt.
B.C. 331	Jewish History	External History	Battle of Arbela.
B.C. 330	Jewish History	External History Darius slain. End of the Persian power.
B.C. 323	Jewish History	External History Ptolemy Lagides obtains Egypt.	Death of Alexander the Great and dismemberment of his empire.

B.C.	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria
B.C. 321	Jewish History Onias Ⅰ, high priest.
B.C. 320	Jewish History Ptolemy (Lagides) Soter takes Jerusalem.
B.C. 314	Jewish History Antigonus conquers Palestine from Ptolemy.
B.C. 312	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Seleucus (Nicator).
B.C. 311	Jewish History Palestine by treaty assigned to Antigonus.
B.C. 302	Jewish History Palestine retaken by Ptolemy.	Egypt During this disturbed period many Jews migrated from Palestine and settled in Egypt and in parts of Asia Minor; they were held in much esteem by the rulers of those countries in which they settled.
B.C. 301	Jewish History Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus defeated by Seleucus.
B.C. 300	Jewish History Simon the Just, high priest.
B.C. 292	Jewish History Eleazar, high priest.
B.C. 284	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Philadelphus.
B.C. 280	Jewish History	Egypt About this time the Septuagint version of the Hebrew scriptures appears to have been commenced in Alexandria, though it was not finished for more than a century after.	Syria Antiochus (Soter).
B.C. 277	Jewish History Manasseh, high priest.		Egypt About this time the Septuagint version of the Hebrew scriptures appears to have been commenced in Alexandria, though it was not finished for more than a century after.
B.C. 260	Jewish History			Egypt About this time the Septuagint version of the Hebrew scriptures appears to have been commenced in Alexandria, though it was not finished for more than a century after.	Syria Antiochus (Theos).
B.C. 250	Jewish History Onias Ⅱ, high priest.
B.C. 246	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Euergetes.
B.C. 245	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Seleucus Callinicus.
B.C. 225	Jewish History Tribute due to Egypt not paid by Onias.	Egypt	Syria Seleucus Keraunus.
B.C. 223	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Antiochus the Great.
B.C. 221	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Philopator.
B.C. 217	Jewish History Simon Ⅱ, high priest.	Egypt Ptolemy’s outrage in the Jewish temple.
B.C. 216	Jewish History Battle of Raphia.	Egypt Treaty between Antiochus and Ptolemy.
B.C. 204	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Epiphanes.
B.C. 195	Jewish History Onias Ⅲ, high priest.
B.C. 187	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Seleucus Philopator.
B.C. 180	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Philometor.
B.C. 176	Jewish History Heliodorus sent to plunder the temple.
B.C. 175	Jewish History Onias deposed by Antiochus. Jason, high priest.	Egypt	Syria Antiochus Epiphanes.
B.C. 173	Jewish History	Egypt Cleopatra, guardian of Philometor, dies.
B.C. 172	Jewish History Menelaus, Jason’s brother, nominated high priest.
B.C. 172	Jewish History Onias Ⅲ murdered about this time.
B.C. 170	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Antiochus defeats the Egyptians.
B.C. 169	Jewish History Jason seizes Jerusalem, which Antiochus attacks on his return from Egypt and pollutes the temple.	Egypt	Syria Second invasion of Egypt.
B.C. 168	Jewish History Daily sacrifice interrupted.	Egypt Ptolemy Physcon set up for a time in Egypt but soon makes common cause with his brother Philometor.	Syria Third attack on Egypt.
B.C. 167	Jewish History Mattathias the Hasmonean revolts.
B.C. 166	Jewish History Battle of Emmaus. Victory of Judas Maccabaeus.
B.C. 165	Jewish History Dedication of the temple.
B.C. 164	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Antiochus Eupator.
B.C. 163	Jewish History Lysias defeated by Judas at Bethsura. Alcimus, high priest. Menelaus put to death.
B.C. 162	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Demetrius Soter.
B.C. 161	Jewish History Nicanor defeated at Capharsalama. Death of Judas Maccabaeus at Eleasa.	Egypt Contests between Philometor and Physcon. Appeals to Rome.
B.C. 160	Jewish History Decree of the Roman Senate in favor of the Jews.
B.C. 159	Jewish History Death of Alcimus.
B.C. 156	Jewish History Jonathan, brother of Judas, ruler of Judea.
B.C. 153	Jewish History Jonathan made high priest by Balas.	Egypt	Syria Alexander Balas set up against Demetrius.
B.C. 150	Jewish History Jonathan honored by Philometor and Balas.	Egypt	Syria Alexander Balas, king of Syria.
B.C. 149	Jewish History	Egypt Onias, son of Onias Ⅲ, made commander-in-chief in Egypt.
B.C. 146	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Philometor opposes Alexander Balas.
B.C. 145	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Physcon (Euergetes Ⅱ).	Syria Demetrius Nicator.
B.C. 143	Jewish History Jonathan put to death by Tryphon. Simon, high priest.
B.C. 142	Jewish History Simon, “Prince of the Jews.” Jews allowed to coin money.
B.C. 139	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Antiochus Sidetes. Tryphon put to death.
B.C. 135	Jewish History Murder of Simon. John Hyrcanus, high priest.
B.C. 130	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Demetrius Nicator.
B.C. 126	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Zebina.
B.C. 123	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Antiochus Grypus.
B.C. 116	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Lathyrus (Soter Ⅱ).
B.C. 109	Jewish History Hyrcanus wars on Samaria and destroys the temple on Gerizim.	Egypt Cleopatra and Alexander.
B.C. 106	Jewish History Hyrcanus dies. Aristobulus (his son), first king of the Jews.
B.C. 105	Jewish History Alexander Jannaeus made king of the Jews.
B.C. 96	Jewish History Jannaeus captures Gaza.	Egypt Ptolemy, king of Cyrene, bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans.	Syria Seleucus succeeds his father Grypus.
B.C. 94	Jewish History The Pharisees hostile to Jannaeus.
B.C. 93	Jewish History War of Jannaeus in Gilead and Moab.
B.C. 92	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Philip, brother of Seleucus, gains the throne.
B.C. 88	Jewish History Jannaeus defeated at Shechem.
B.C. 87	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Lathyrus recalled.
B.C. 83	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Tigranes, king of Armenia, set over Syria.
B.C. 80	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Alexander.
B.C. 78	Jewish History Death of Jannaeus. Alexandra, his widow, rules after him. Hyrcanus Ⅱ, high priest.
B.C. 69	Jewish History Aristobulus Ⅱ seizes the government.
B.C. 66	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Pompey conquers Syria for the Romans.
			Syria Roman Affairs
B.C. 65	Jewish History	Egypt Ptolemy Auletes.
B.C. 64	Jewish History Disputes between Aristobulus and Hyrcanus.
B.C. 63	Jewish History Jerusalem taken by Pompey. Hyrcanus again high priest.
B.C. 54	Jewish History Palestine divided into five districts.	Egypt	Syria Crassus defeated by the Parthians at Carrhae, 53.
B.C. 51	Jewish History Crassus plunders the temple.	Egypt Cleopatra.
B.C. 48	Jewish History Antipater made a governor over Judea.	Egypt	Syria Battle of Pharsalia. Battle of Thapsus, 46.
B.C. 44	Jewish History Hyrcanus, “Prince of the Jews.”	Egypt	Syria Assassination of Caesar.
B.C. 42	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Battle of Philippi.
B.C. 41	Jewish History Herod and Phasael, joint tetrarchs of Judea.
B.C. 40	Jewish History Herod flees to Rome. Antigonus set up in his stead.
B.C. 38	Jewish History Herod marries Mariamne.
B.C. 37	Jewish History Herod takes Jerusalem.
B.C. 31	Jewish History	Egypt	Syria Battle of Actium. Augustus, emperor, 31 B.C.–A.D. 14.
B.C. 30	Jewish History	Egypt Cleopatra dies. Egypt becomes a Roman province.
B.C. 29	Jewish History Mariamne put to death.
B.C. 25	Jewish History Herod rebuilds Samaria.
B.C. 17	Jewish History Herod restores the temple.
B.C. 6	Jewish History Alexander and Aristobulus put to death.